{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:37:15Z","timestamp":1777927035405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Summary<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this study 1155 injection drug users (IDUs) receiving targeted intervention in five cities of Punjab were surveyed; three cities (Amritsar, Taran-Taran, Batala) were in districts sharing an international border with Pakistan and the other two were Jalandhar and Ludhiana. Information on socio-demography, substance use and sexual practices were collected; blood samples were tested for biologic markers. HIV and HCV antibody (HCVAb) prevalences in injection drug users were 29 and 49%, respectively. Of the HCVAb-seroreactive IDUs, 33% had HIV as well. HIV prevalence in young IDUs (\u226419 years), estimated as surrogate for HIV incidence, was high at 12% and HCVAb in this subgroup was 27%. Herpes simplex virus 2 antibody (IgG) was detected in 10% of IDUs; 2% had syphilis. Alcohol use prevalence was high and frequency of use concerning. In multivariate analyses, \u2018city of residence closer to international border\u2019 and \u2018&gt;1 year duration of injecting drugs were associated with HIV and HCVAb. Furthermore, \u2018irregular supply of syringes and needles\u2019 was associated with HCVAb seroreactive status of IDUs (adjusted odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.3\u20132.3; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and \u2018any genital disease symptom within the last year\u2019 (adjusted odds ratio 2; 95% CI 1.4\u20132.9; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) was associated with HIV infection. Alcohol and sexual risk reduction, strengthening of needle\u2013syringe exchange, reducing injecting duration and clinical management of HIV, HCV and HIV\/HCV co-infection appear as four core programme needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413515659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]],"date-time":"2013-12-19T02:26:01Z","timestamp":1387419961000},"page":"596-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Alarming epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in the northwestern bordering state of Punjab, India: prevalence and correlates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Samiran","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED)\/ICMR, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICED Project on Baseline assessment among IDUs in Punjab, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Pahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICED Project on Baseline assessment among IDUs in Punjab, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotiee","family":"Mehraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Prevention Advisor Abt JTA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Bank, Amritsar Medical College, Amritsar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Bank, Civil Hospital, Jalandhar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Bank, Civil Hospital, Ludhiana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"India HIV\/AIDS Alliance, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhvinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab State AIDS Control Society, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narinder M","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab State AIDS Control Society, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199101000-00026"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000160713.94203.9b"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462413515659","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia and Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, New Delhi. The Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug Abuse in India, National Survey 2004."},{"key":"bibr4-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00212-8"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462413515659","unstructured":"Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.\n                      Annual Report\n                      2012\u20132013."},{"key":"bibr6-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462413515659","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.\n                      HIV sentinel surveillance and HIV estimation in India 2007 \u2013 a technical brief\n                      , 2008."},{"key":"bibr8-0956462413515659","first-page":"640","volume":"128","author":"Chelleng PK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462413515659","first-page":"706","volume":"132","author":"Mehta SH","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.08.002"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ and Krahn MD. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected individuals and the impact of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis.\n                      AIDS\n                      2008; 22: 1979\u20131991.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830e6d51"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462413515659","first-page":"91","volume":"45","author":"Sarkar S","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Narcotics"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462413515659","unstructured":"Panda S.\n                      Drug use in the north-eastern states of India\n                      . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) & Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), Government of India, 2006."},{"key":"bibr14-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(99)00058-4"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462413515659","unstructured":"Government of Punjab, India,\n                      Human Development Report 2004\n                      , Punjab, 2004."},{"key":"bibr16-0956462413515659","volume-title":"Nicotine water to heroin","author":"Roy S","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462413515659","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) \u2013 India\u2019s voice against AIDS, Department of AIDS control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.\n                      HIV sentinel surveillance 2010\u201311: a technical brief\n                      , 2012."},{"key":"bibr18-0956462413515659","unstructured":"Panda S, Chowdhury L, Dendup T, et\u00a0al.\n                      A rapid assessment of the drug use situation and responses in schools and communities in Phuentsholing, Bhutan\n                      . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) & Bhutan Narcotics Control Agency (BNCA), 2009."},{"key":"bibr19-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009532"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.4.1091"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050382"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.352"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.642"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.79","volume":"61","author":"Jindal N","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050123891"},{"key":"bibr27-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201040-00015"},{"key":"bibr28-0956462413515659","unstructured":"UNODCCP and UNAIDS (1999).\n                      Baseline study of the relationship between injecting drug use, HIV and hepatitis C among male injecting drug users in Lahore\n                      . Pakistan: UNODCCP\/UNAIDS, December 1999."},{"key":"bibr29-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239700186291"},{"key":"bibr30-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000192090.61753.d4"},{"key":"bibr31-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.02.008"},{"key":"bibr32-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02859283"},{"key":"bibr33-0956462413515659","first-page":"79","volume":"128","author":"Khosla V","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr34-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.34089","volume":"25","author":"Singh J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Commun Med"},{"key":"bibr35-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280632"},{"key":"bibr36-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.04.003"},{"key":"bibr37-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-111"},{"key":"bibr38-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200108150-00002"},{"key":"bibr39-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/N4VT-3E9U-4BKN-CRPW"},{"key":"bibr40-0956462413515659","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.02.007"},{"key":"bibr41-0956462413515659","unstructured":"SriKrishnan AK, Mehra J and Joseph F.\n                      Community assessment Punjab \u2013 qualitative research analytical report\n                      , 2011."},{"key":"bibr42-0956462413515659","volume-title":"Size estimation of injecting drug use in Punjab and Haryana","author":"Ambekar A","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462413515659","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462413515659","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462413515659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:33:10Z","timestamp":1777674790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462413515659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462413515659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462413515659","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]}}}