{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:06:07Z","timestamp":1780319167209,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginal symptoms are a common chief complaint amongst women visiting outpatient clinics in rural Haiti. A systematic sample of 206 consecutive women over age 18 with gynaecological symptoms underwent gynaecologic examination and laboratory testing for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV infection, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Among 206 women, 174 (84%) presented with vaginal discharge, 165 (80%) with vaginal itching, 123 (60%) with vaginal pain or dysuria, and 18 (9%) with non-traumatic vaginal sores or boils. Laboratory results were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis in 5.4% (11\/203), syphilis in 3.5% (7\/202), HIV in 1.0% (2\/200), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 1.0% (2\/203). Among those that had microscopy, hyphae suggestive of candidiasis were visualized in 2.2% (1\/45) and no cases of trichomoniasis were diagnosed 0% (0\/45). Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 28.3% (13\/46). The prevalence of chlamydia was 4.9 (95% CI: 1.3\u201317.7) times greater among those 25 years of age and under (10.8%) than those older (2.3%). Chlamydia and bacterial vaginosis were the most common sexually transmitted infection and vaginal condition, respectively, in this study of rural Haitian adult women. The higher risk of chlamydia in younger women suggests education and screening programmes in young women should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413516300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]],"date-time":"2013-12-19T02:26:01Z","timestamp":1387419961000},"page":"669-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The aetiology of vaginal symptoms in rural Haiti"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Claire C","family":"Bristow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Desgrottes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Henri Gerard Desgranges Foundation, Petit Goave, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Henri Gerard Desgranges Foundation, Petit Goave, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthika","family":"Devarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Henri Gerard Desgranges Foundation, Petit Goave, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Ocheretina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean William","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462413516300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(98)90113-8"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462413516300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.764"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462413516300","first-page":"002","volume":"2","author":"Prentiss K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462413516300","first-page":"1584","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Shafii T","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462413516300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klausner JD. The sound of silence: missing the opportunity to save lives at birth. 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