{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:37:22Z","timestamp":1777927042623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Summary<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Labour migration has increased the risk of HIV infection among the wives of labour migrants in Nepal. We conducted a matched case-control study to identify the social and behavioural factors for HIV infection among the wives of labour migrants in Nepal. We interviewed 112 wives of labour migrants diagnosed with HIV (cases) and 112 wives of labour migrants testing negative for HIV (controls) and used logistic regression analysis to assess independent factors associated with HIV infection. Literacy status was the only one woman-related social factor associated with HIV infection. Meanwhile literacy status, age when going abroad for the first time and country of migration were the husband-related social factors and alcohol consumption, living alone abroad and having an unpaid partner abroad were the husband-related behavioural factors associated with HIV infection in the wives. Given the husband-related social and behavioural factors are mostly determining the risk of HIV infection in the wives in our study, prevention efforts must incorporate behaviour change approaches targeting specifically to labour migrants and also to their wives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414521162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T21:52:40Z","timestamp":1390859560000},"page":"793-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Social and behavioural risk factors for HIV infection among the wives of labour migrants in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Bista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Nobel College Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Timilsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Buntinx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of General Practice, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Mathei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462414521162","unstructured":"Wickramasekera P. Asian labour migration: issues and challenges in an era of globalization international migration papers 57. International Migration Programme, ILO, Geneva. http:\/\/training.itcilo.it\/actrav\/courses\/2005\/A3-00391_web\/resources\/migrant_labour\/asian_labour_migration.pdf (2002, accessed on 16 December 2013)."},{"key":"bibr2-0956462414521162","unstructured":"New ERA.\n                      Nepal demographic and health survey\n                      . Ministry of Health and Population and ICF International, Calverton, Maryland. http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/SR189\/SR189.pdf (2011, accessed on 22 November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr3-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Migrants from developing countries to send home $414 billion in earnings in 2013","author":"The World Bank","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462414521162","volume-title":"HIV and international labor migration: UNAIDS policy brief","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Integrated biological & behavioral surveillance survey among the wives of migrants in four distrcits of far western Nepal round II","author":"New ERA","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010127"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199702000-00015"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131338.61042.b8"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199108000-00011"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0183-4"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Sexual behavioral change for HIV: where have theories taken us?","author":"UNAIDS","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S209","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199705000-00012","volume":"11","author":"Morris M","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.498859"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462414521162","first-page":"134","volume":"8","author":"Salgado de Snyder VN","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10030892"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462414521162","unstructured":"Schlesslman JJ, Stolley PD. Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982."},{"key":"bibr17-0956462414521162","volume-title":"International migration, multi-local livelihoods and human security: perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa","author":"Bhattrai R","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Seasonal labor migration in rural Nepal: a preliminary overview","author":"Gerard j Gill","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-310"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462414521162","volume-title":"An overview of the far western region of Nepal. Dadeldhura, Nepal","author":"United Nations Field Coordination Office (UNFCO)","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Annual report 2010\u20132011","author":"National AIDS Control Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462414521162","unstructured":"New ERA.\n                      Integrated biological & behavioral surveillance among male labor migrants in 11 districts in western and mid to far western\n                      region of Nepal round II., 2011. http:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/Integrated%20Biological%20and%20Behavioral%20Surveillance%20Survey%20among%20Male%20Labor%20Migrants%20in%2011%20Districts%20in%20Western%20and%20Mid%20to%20Far-Western%20Regions%20of%20Nepal%20(Round%20II).pdf (2011, accessed on 22 November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr23-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074903"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Sheldon LA, Walstrom, P, Carey KB, et al. Alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among individuals infected with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2012 to Early 2013.\n                      Current HIV\/AIDS Reports\n                      2013; 10: 314\u2013323.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-013-0177-5"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462414521162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061660"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462414521162","volume-title":"National guidelines for voluntary HIV\/AIDS counseling and testing, Kathmandu, Nepal.","author":"National Centre for AIDS and STD Control","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr27-0956462414521162","volume-title":"Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India","author":"Samuels F","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462414521162","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462414521162","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462414521162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:33:19Z","timestamp":1777674799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462414521162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462414521162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462414521162","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]}}}