{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1792131027810,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Yaws is a non-venereal endemic treponemal infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sub-species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pertenue,<\/jats:italic>\n                    a spirochaete bacterium closely related to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of venereal syphilis. Yaws is a chronic, relapsing disease predominantly affecting children living in certain tropical regions. It spreads by skin-to-skin contact and, like syphilis, occurs in distinct clinical stages. It causes lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and bones which, without treatment, can become chronic and destructive.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue<\/jats:italic>\n                    , like its sexually-transmitted counterpart, is exquisitely sensitive to penicillin. Infection with yaws or syphilis results in reactive treponemal serology and there is no widely available test to distinguish between these infections. Thus, migration of people from yaws-endemic areas to developed countries may present clinicians with diagnostic dilemmas. We review the epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment of yaws.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414549036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,6]],"date-time":"2014-09-06T00:03:05Z","timestamp":1409961785000},"page":"696-703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Yaws"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, Mortimer Market, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dornubari","family":"Lebari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual Health and HIV, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, Mortimer Market, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual Health and HIV, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Perine PL Hopkins DR Niemel PLA et\u00a0al. Handbook of endemic treponematoses: yaws endemic syphilis and pinta http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/37178?locale=en (1984 accessed 2 May 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"WHO | Yaws. WHO http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs316\/en\/ (accessed 10 Jun 2013).."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Epidemiology of yaws: an update","volume":"6","author":"Kazadi WM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kazadi WM, Asiedu KB, Agana N, . Epidemiology of yaws: an update. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6: 119\u2013128.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Extent and nature of the yaws problem in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Hackett CJ","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hackett CJ. Extent and nature of the yaws problem in Africa. 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Med J Malaysia 1989; 44: 307\u2013311.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"599","article-title":"Yaws, a study based on over 2,000 cases treated in American Samoa","volume":"18","author":"Hunt D","year":"1923","unstructured":"Hunt D, Johnson AL. Yaws, a study based on over 2,000 cases treated in American Samoa. US Nav Med Bull 1923; 18: 599\u2013607.","journal-title":"US Nav Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32150-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1930.02710430013007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmological study of late yaws. I. An introduction to yaws","volume":"47","author":"Smith JL","year":"1971","unstructured":"Smith JL. Neuro-ophthalmological study of late yaws. I. An introduction to yaws. 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