{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:37:52Z","timestamp":1777927072526,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalences of Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and human papillomavirus (HPV) in Sri Lanka are not well reported; the objective of this study is to describe the prevalences of these four sexually transmitted infections among attendees of sexual health clinic in an urban setting. Vaginal swabs were collected from consenting women attending a sexual health clinic and tested for the presence of the above sexually transmitted infections using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Basic demographic details were sought from each participant (483 women of age range 14\u201361, median 30 years, IQR 12 years) via a research assistant\u2013administered questionnaire. Overall, a prevalence of T. vaginalis, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae and HPV was 2.3%, (95% CI: 1.2\u20134.1%), 8.2% (95% CI: 5.6\u201311.4%), 7.6% (95% CI: 5.2\u201310.8%), and 44.4% (95% CI: 39.8\u201349.1%), respectively. Among the 197 positive for HPV, HPV6 accounted for 23.1%, HPV16 (12.5%), then HPV11, HPV66 and HPV58 were the commonest. Vaccine-related types (6\/11\/16\/18) were detected in 59.9% of cases (95%CI: 52.7\u201366.8%). The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (45.2%) is a potential risk factor for an increase in HIV infections in the country and the high carriage of HPV supports the need for cervical cancer screening and prevention programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414552813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T00:57:22Z","timestamp":1411693042000},"page":"733-739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence of\n                    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    and human papillomavirus in a sexual health clinic setting in urban Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"NA","family":"Samarawickrema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SN","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Gunawardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SM","family":"Garland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.2.111"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30182-9"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06050"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90115-X"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.030700"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91380-7"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462414552813","first-page":"506","volume":"37","author":"Taylor ML","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.10.95"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.05.115"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(07)01183-8","volume":"25","author":"Castellsagu\u00e9 X","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462414552813","unstructured":"National STD\/AIDS Control Programme, Sri Lanka website, http:\/\/www.aidscontrol.gov.lk\/ (accessed in September 2013)."},{"key":"bibr12-0956462414552813","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Hook EW","year":"1999","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/097206340000200204"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka website, http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/ (accessed in September 2013)."},{"key":"bibr15-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500241538"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Fernando NS, Martiniuk ALC, Fonseka P, et\u00a0al. A study on risky sexual behaviours in youth in Southern Sri Lanka. Abstract presented at the Youth Health 2011: The 8th Australian and New Zealand Adolescent Health Conference, West Perth WA, 10th November 2011."},{"key":"bibr17-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Sri Lanka Behavioural Surveillance Survey 2006\u20132007, http:\/\/www.crr.unsw.edu.au\/media\/File\/BSS.pdf (accessed in June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr18-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Hospitals and bed strength in Sri Lanka by districts, 2010, http:\/\/203.94.76.60\/nihs\/BEDS\/Beds2010\/Beds2010.pdf (accessed June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr19-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.18.1477"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.006239"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.357-361.2000","volume":"38","author":"Gravitt PE","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.1996.06030193.x"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462414552813","first-page":"3122","volume":"44","author":"Tan SE","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01064-12"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000154495.24519.bf"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Galagoda GCS.\n                      Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic with non-gonococcal urethritis\n                      . Thesis for MD (Medical Microbiology), Post Graduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1998."},{"key":"bibr27-0956462414552813","first-page":"85","volume":"32","author":"Palihawadana TS","year":"2010","journal-title":"SL J Obs Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr28-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Iddawela DR, Pathirana G, Wijesundera NLS, et\u00a0al. Laboratory diagnosis of\n                      Trichomonas vaginalis\n                      infection in patients attending the STD\/Aids Programme Clinic in Kandy. In:\n                      Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions, Sri Lanka\n                      , 2007, vol. 12(1), pp.151."},{"key":"bibr29-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.93813"},{"key":"bibr30-0956462414552813","unstructured":"Gamage DG, Rajapaksa LC and Abeysinghe MRN. Prevalence of carcinogenic human papillomavirus infections and its determinants among ever married women in the district of Gampaha (OP8).\n                      Abstract presented at the 14th Annual Academic Sessions of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka\n                      , 9\u201312 September, 2009."},{"key":"bibr31-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657321"},{"key":"bibr32-0956462414552813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.05.021"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462414552813","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462414552813","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462414552813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:34:21Z","timestamp":1777674861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462414552813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462414552813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462414552813","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]}}}