{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:37:54Z","timestamp":1777927074248,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To study dysglycaemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients we conducted a retrospective cohort study of the glucose profile in HIV-infected patients. The fasting blood glucose was analysed taking into consideration conventional risk factors as well as HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). One hundred seventy-three cases were selected for this study. Five risk factors had significant effects ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) on glucose levels: age, body mass index (BMI), hepatitis C virus\/hepatitis B virus (HCV\/HBV) co-infection, viral load (VL), and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-lymphocyte count. Fasting blood glucose levels increased with age (0.59\u2009mg\/dL\/year), decreased with the VL (\u22124.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    mg\/dL\/number of viral RNA copies) and the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-lymphocyte count (\u22120.016\u2009mg\/dL\/cell count). Furthermore, obese patients and those co-infected with HCV\/HBV were more prone to develop dysglycaemia having, on average, 15.4\u2009mg\/dL and 13.8\u2009mg\/dL higher levels, respectively, of fasting blood glucose. Despite an increase of 1.0% and 8.4% in the glucose levels noticed among HIV patients treated with non-nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, respectively, HAART did not prove to be a significant predictor of fasting glucose levels as well as lipodystrophy and male gender. Age, BMI, HCV\/HBV co-infection and HIV-related (VL and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-lymphocyte count) factors seem to be the most influential on fasting blood glucose levels in HIV-infected individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414554814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T23:45:24Z","timestamp":1412379924000},"page":"796-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycaemic profile changes by highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Duro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Vale do Sousa Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oporto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oporto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Sarmento-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joaquim Urbano Hospital, Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Minho University, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Oporto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Oporto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371101"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00687.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1711"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.15.2.17426"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S15818"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044575"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832bd7af"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.727"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518619"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders. The Bruneck Study.\n                      Diabetes\n                      1998; 47.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.10.1643"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palios J, Kadoglou NPE and Lampropoulos S. The Pathophysiology of HIV-\/HAART-related metabolic syndrome leading to cardiovascular disorders: the emerging role of adipokines.\n                      Exp Diabetes Res\n                      2012: 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/103063"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9565-z"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1949"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200303010-00009"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.6.1378"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1179"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.280"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2467"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462414554814","first-page":"3797","volume":"41","author":"Beisel WR","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr20-0956462414554814","first-page":"1045","volume":"74","author":"Grunfeld C","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702001000400005"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200211080-00011"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200403260-00017"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462414554814","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duro MS-CR, Almeida C, Medeiros R, et\u00a0al. Lipid profile changes by high activity anti-retroviral therapy.\n                      Clin Biochem\n                      . 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