{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:38:36Z","timestamp":1777927116552,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Male-to-female transgender women (TGW) experience high rates of substance use and HIV. A recent substance use trend is the use of prescription medication without a doctor\u2019s consent. No research to date has examined the associations between this non-medical use of prescription drugs and HIV risk behaviour in TGW. In the present study, TGW recruited from community venues (N\u2009=\u2009104) in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States completed surveys assessing demographic information, non-medical use of prescription drugs, other substance use, injection practices and sexual risk behaviour. Twenty-four per cent of the sample reported lifetime non-medical use of prescription drugs across the following categories: analgesics (21.2%), anxiolytics (14.4%), stimulants (12.5%) and sedatives (8.7%). Participants reporting non-medical use of prescription drugs were more likely to report other substance use, needle use to inject drugs, injecting silicone and sharing needles. In multivariable analyses, non-medical use of prescription drugs was associated with unprotected sex, sex after engaging in substance use, and commercial sex work, after controlling for demographic factors. Self-esteem and social support from family served as protective factors for non-medical use of prescription drugs. HIV-prevention programmes focused on TGW in the United States may wish to expand their assessment of substance use to include the use of prescription medications without a physician\u2019s consent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415595319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T20:04:44Z","timestamp":1437077084000},"page":"776-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Non-medical use of prescription drugs and HIV risk behaviour in transgender women in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Eric G","family":"Benotsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick S","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis, College of Nursing, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Cathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minority Health Consortium, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fan Free Clinic, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul B","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Snipes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462415595319","volume-title":"Transgender liberation: a movement whose time has come","author":"Feinberg L","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9299-3"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331299825"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009491"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462412472460"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181ab6ed8"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462415595319","first-page":"43","volume":"44","author":"Crosby RA","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029604"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/55.3.286"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462415595319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.160051"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462415595319","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). 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