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Of particular grave concern is that the majority of persons with anogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections are asymptomatic and accordingly not aware of their infection, and this silent infection can subsequently result in severe reproductive tract complications and sequelae. The current review paper provides all background, evidence base and discussions for the 2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections (Lanjouw E, et\u2002al. Int J STD AIDS 2015). Comprehensive information and recommendations are included regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anogenital, pharyngeal and conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infections in European countries. However, Chlamydia trachomatis also causes the eye infection trachoma, which is not a sexually transmitted infection. The 2015 European Chlamydia trachomatis guideline provides up-to-date guidance regarding broader indications for testing and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections; clearer recommendation of using validated nucleic acid amplification tests only for diagnosis; advice on (repeated) Chlamydia trachomatis testing; recommendation of increased testing to reduce the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and prevent exposure to infection and recommendations to identify, verify and report Chlamydia trachomatis variants. Improvement of access to testing, test performance, diagnostics, antimicrobial treatment and follow-up of Chlamydia trachomatis patients are crucial to control its spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415618838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T20:23:32Z","timestamp":1448483012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Background review for the \u20182015 European guideline on the management of\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    infections\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Lanjouw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ouburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HJ","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"STI Outpatient Clinic, Infectious Disease Cluster, Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Stary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatients' Centre for Infectious Venereodermatological Diseases, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Radcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Birmingham Foundation NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462415618838","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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