{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:50:48Z","timestamp":1785937848214,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]],"date-time":"2016-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, it is estimated that 14.8% of all new tuberculosis cases in adults are attributable to HIV infection. Genitourinary tuberculosis is a known complication and is considered to be a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is rare. We report a Caucasian HIV-positive heterosexual male with a clinical diagnosis of testicular tumour for which he underwent a right orchidectomy. Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis was confirmed by histology. In this case, all Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) criteria were met. We want to convey the message that in HIV-positive patients presenting with testicular swelling, an infective aetiology should be considered. This will increase the possibility of early diagnosis and proper management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416652536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T21:51:47Z","timestamp":1464126707000},"page":"100-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a report of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis mimicking a testicular tumour in a Caucasian AIDS patient"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Cherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Yoganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462416652536","unstructured":"Tuberculosis. 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