{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1780491252802,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is often high among female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the dynamics of HIV infection in this key population is critical to developing appropriate prevention strategies. We aimed to describe the prevalence and associated risk factors among a sample of FSWs in Rwanda from a survey conducted in 2010. A cross-sectional biological and behavioral survey was conducted among FSWs in Rwanda. Time\u2013location sampling was used for participant recruitment from 4 to 18 February 2010. HIV testing was done using HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) as per Rwandan national guidelines at the time of the survey. Elisa tests were simultaneously done on all samples tested HIV-positive on RDT. Proportions were used for sample description; multivariable logistic regression model was performed to analyze factors associated with HIV infection. Of 1338 women included in the study, 1112 consented to HIV testing, and the overall HIV prevalence was 51.0%. Sixty percent had been engaged in sex work for less than five years and 80% were street based. In multivariable logistic regression, HIV prevalence was higher in FSWs 25 years or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u20091.83, 95% [confidence interval (CI): 1.42\u20132.37]), FSWs with consistent condom use in the last 30 days (aOR\u2009=\u20091.39, [95% CI: 1.05\u20131.82]), and FSWs experiencing at least one STI symptom in the last 12 months (aOR\u2009=\u20091.74 [95% CI: 1.34\u20132.26]). There was an inverse relationship between HIV prevalence and comprehensive HIV knowledge (aOR\u2009=\u20090.65, [95% CI: 0.48\u20130.88]). HIV prevalence was high among a sample of FSWs in Rwanda, and successful prevention strategies should focus on HIV education, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and proper and consistent condom use using an outreach approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416688137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,14]],"date-time":"2017-01-14T00:57:43Z","timestamp":1484355463000},"page":"1082-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["High HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mwumvaneza","family":"Mutagoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malamba S","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global HIV\/AIDS (DGHA), Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Kayitesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine R","family":"Gasasira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global HIV\/AIDS (DGHA), Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassirou","family":"Chitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global HIV\/AIDS (DGHA), Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global HIV\/AIDS (DGHA), Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Hedt-Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Partners In Health, Rwinkwavu, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health, Rwinkwavu, Rwanda"},{"name":"Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ntaganira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabin","family":"Nsanzimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"},{"name":"Basel Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Institute and Swiss Tropical and Public Health institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462416688137","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work. UNAIDS\/09.09E\/JC1696E. Available at: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/sub_landing\/JC2306_UNAIDS-guidance-note-HIV-sex-work_en.pdf (2012, accessed 15 October 2016)."},{"key":"bibr2-0956462416688137","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for a public health approach. Available at: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77745\/1\/9789241504744_eng.pdf (2012, accessed 15 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr3-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2012.743825"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Wirtz A, Baralet S, et\u00a0al.\n                      The global HIV epidemics among sex workers.\n                      Washington DC: World Bank, 2013. Available at: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-pdf\/GlobalHIVEpidemicsAmongSexWorkers.pdf (accessed 30 December 2016).","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-9774-9"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063476"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.4.18751"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462416688137","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2012","author":"Ministry of Health, Uganda, and ICF International","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462416688137","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF International Inc.\n                      Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011\n                      . Kampala, Uganda: UBOS and Calverton, Maryland: ICF International Inc., 2012."},{"key":"bibr9-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.038059"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.018234"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527379"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120410001716397"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462416688137","unstructured":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) [Rwanda], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Rwanda], and ICF International. 2011.\n                      Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2010.\n                      Calverton, MD: NISR, MOH, and ICF International."},{"key":"bibr14-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024321"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker MR, Crago AL, Chu SK, et\u00a0al. Human rights violations against sex workers: burden and effect on HIV.\n                      Lancet\n                      2015; 385: 186\u2013199.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-46"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462416688137","unstructured":"Asiimwe A, Koleros A, Chapman J, et\u00a0al.\n                      Understanding the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Rwanda. Modeling the expected distribution of new HIV infections by exposure group.\n                      Kigali, Rwanda: National AIDS Control Commission of Rwanda and MEASURE Evaluation, 2009."},{"key":"bibr18-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31820b8eba"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.608787"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462416688137","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the United Republic of Tanzania. Report of HIV Behavioral and Biological Surveillance Survey Among Female Sex Workers in Dar es Salaam. Available at: http:\/\/ihi.eprints.org\/2793\/1\/NACP_Report_on_the_HIV_FSW.pdf (2011, accessed 30 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr22-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027151"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08780-9"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S6-S13"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462416688137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandenhoud HM, Langat L, Menten J, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Kisumu, Western Kenya, 1997 and 2008.\n                      PLoS One\n                      2013; 8: e54953.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054953"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462416688137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462416688137","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462416688137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:36:51Z","timestamp":1777675011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462416688137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462416688137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462416688137","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]]}}}