{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:39:54Z","timestamp":1777927194095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to explore empirically the presence of any spatial and demographic disparity in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection rate among the prison inmates across 48 states in the US and compare the results for 2000 and 2010. HIV infection is a severe health issue for incarcerated populations in the US. In 2010, the rate of diagnosed HIV infection among inmates in state and federal prisons was five times more than the nonincarcerated population. The National Prisoner Statistics database was used to find the demographic disparities in HIV prevalence rate based on incarceration rate, gender, race\/ethnicity, the proportion of non-US citizens, and proportion of population below 18 years. State-level spatial mapping, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Moran\u2019s I statistic (univariate and bivariate) were computed based on these demographic characteristics using QGIS and Geoda software. There was a statistically significant pattern of spatial disparity in overall, male and female HIV infection rates across the state prisoners, with South and South-Eastern states facing a higher risk of infection. There was also statistically significant bivariate spatial association of HIV infection rate with the covariates: whites (negative), blacks (positive), non-US citizen (positive), and prisoners under age 18 years (positive) for both 2000 and 2010. There was a statistically significant higher HIV infection rate among the female prisoners in comparison to the male prisoners. It is of prime importance to examine the state-level disparities in HIV infection rate based on place and demographics. This is because evaluating the spatial pattern will help in accessing the relevant local information and provide federal agencies with better knowledge to target interventions and prevention programs toward the subgroup of the population at higher risk and help in controlling and reducing HIV infection prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417724586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T08:09:09Z","timestamp":1501834149000},"page":"278-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Demographic and spatial disparity in HIV prevalence among incarcerated population in the US: A state-level analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Srimoyee","family":"Bose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among incarcerated populations, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/correctional.html (accessed 12 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr2-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31078-9"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Shubert G. Mass incarceration, housing instability and HIV\/AIDS: research findings and policy recommendations. National Minority AIDS Council and Housing Works. Washington, DC: Ford Foundation, 2013."},{"key":"bibr4-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/79.4.512"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302635"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462417724586","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNAIDS. Women and HIV in prison settings, http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/hiv-aids\/Women_in_prisons.pdf (accessed 10 March 2017)."},{"key":"bibr7-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.066993"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1102385"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0011"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462417724586","first-page":"354","volume":"31","author":"Dumond RW","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462417724586","unstructured":"National Prisoner Statistics, 1978\u20132015. ICPSR 36657. Ann Arbor, MI: United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, www.icpsr.umich.edu (accessed 12 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr12-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Almeida KD. Louisiana is \u2018ground zero\u2019 for HIV, incarceration crises, https:\/\/rewire.news\/article\/2016\/03\/31\/louisiana-ground-zero-twin-crises-hiv-incarceration\/ (2016, accessed 26 February 2017)."},{"key":"bibr13-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Plugge E, Douglas N and Fitzpatrick R. The health of women in prison; study findings. Department of Public Health. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 2006."},{"key":"bibr14-0956462417724586","first-page":"287","volume":"10","author":"Groot ASD","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Beck AJ, Harrison PM, Berzofsky M, et\u00a0al. Sexual victimization in prisons and jails reported by inmates, 2008\u201309. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010."},{"key":"bibr16-0956462417724586","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Rowell-Cunsolo TL","year":"2016","journal-title":"Culture Health Sex"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462417724586","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007558"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462417724586","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, 2010."},{"key":"bibr19-0956462417724586","first-page":"247\u2013250, 257\u201326","volume":"16","author":"Wohl DA","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Aguilar JP. Policy Brief: HIV testing in state prisons: a call for mandatory testing policy. The Institute for Urban Policy Research and Analysis, http:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/iupra\/_files\/pdf\/HIV%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20Final.pdf (2012, accessed 12 February 2017)."},{"key":"bibr21-0956462417724586","unstructured":"Billman J vs Indiana Department of Corrections, No. 94-2605 (United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit 1995), http:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-7th-circuit\/1316584.html (accessed 15 March 2017)."},{"key":"bibr22-0956462417724586","volume-title":"Prison rape: a critical review of the literature","author":"Gaes G","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462417724586","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462417724586","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462417724586","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:37:29Z","timestamp":1777675049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462417724586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462417724586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462417724586","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]}}}