{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:40:33Z","timestamp":1777927233993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We assessed prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), gonorrhoea (GC), syphilis (SYP), Chlamydia (CT) and HIV among Kenyan women aged 18\u201334 years who were screened for a contraceptive intravaginal ring study. Women provided demographic, behavioural and medical information, and underwent medical evaluation, including a pelvic exam. We computed crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using log-binomial regression. Of 463 women screened, 457 provided laboratory specimens and were included in the analysis. The median age was 25 years, interquartile range (21\u201328), and 68.5% had completed primary or lower education. Overall, 72.2% tested positive for any STI or BV. Point prevalence was 55.6, 38.5, 3.9, 2.0, 4.6, and 14.7% for HSV-2, BV, GC, SYP, CT, and HIV, respectively. Co-infection with HSV-2, BV, and HIV occurred in 28 (6.1%) participants. Having \u22651 STI\/BV was associated with younger age at first sex (\u226413 versus 17\u201319 years, aPR=1.27, 95% CI 1.07\u20131.51), history of exchange sex (aPR\u2009=\u20092.05, 95% CI 1.07\u20133.92), sexual intercourse in the past seven days (aPR\u2009=\u20091.17, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.36), and older age (30\u201334 versus 18\u201324 years, aPR\u2009=\u20091.26, 95% CI 1.06\u20131.48). STI\/BV diagnosis was less likely for women reporting one lifetime sexual partner compared to women with \u22654 lifetime sexual partners (aPR\u2009=\u20090.70, 95% CI 0.54\u20130.92). Combination prevention approaches (biomedical, behavioural, social, and structural) tailored to women with diverse risk profiles may help mitigate STI\/BV prevalence in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418782810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T01:42:47Z","timestamp":1533260567000},"page":"1390-1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among women screened for a contraceptive intravaginal ring study, Kisumu, Kenya, 2014"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent O","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Gvetadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Diseases, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitesh A","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Diseases, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mumbi","family":"Makanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Akelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah A","family":"Gust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Diseases, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Nyagol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"McLellan-Lemal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Diseases, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1990-x"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19866"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587490"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833a8844"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462418782810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu030"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462418782810","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP). 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