{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:12:27Z","timestamp":1790237547001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Female sex workers (FSWs) frequently face violence in their working place. This study assessed the physical and sexual violence and associated factors among FSWs in Rwanda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among FSWs in Rwanda in 2015. Venue\u2013Day\u2013Time sampling method was used for recruitment. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were computed to assess factors associated with violence. In total, 1978 FSWs were recruited. A large proportion (18.3%) had been sexually abused outside of the family circle, and 37.8% had faced physical violence before 15 years of age. Clients were most often reported (67.0%) as perpetrators of physical violence in sex work. Being aged 25 years old and above, and having sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were positively associated with sexual violence (aOR\u2009=\u20092.1[95%CI: 1.80\u20132.39]) and (aOR\u2009=\u20093.0[95%CI: 1.01\u20132.14], respectively). Being aged 25 years old and above (aOR\u2009=\u20090.8[95%CI: 0.76\u20130.89]) and drinking alcohol every day (aOR\u2009=\u20090.6[95%CI: 0.42\u20130.87]) were negatively associated with physical violence. Sexual and physical violence was common among FSWs in Rwanda. Single FSWs are the most vulnerable to sexual violence. Alcohol consumption and having STIs are associated with violence against FSWs. Human rights and social protection as well as health promotion among FSWs is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418800848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T07:00:01Z","timestamp":1541314801000},"page":"241-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sexual and physical violence and associated factors among female sex workers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwumvaneza","family":"Mutagoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Nyirazinyoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Sebuhoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division (HIV, AIDS, STIs, and OBBI) Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ntaganira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462418800848","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2005. Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention, http:\/\/www.who.int\/gender\/documents\/sexworkers.pdf (accessed 8 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr2-0956462418800848","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Addressing violence against sex workers, http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/sti\/sex_worker_implementation\/swit_chpt2.pdf (accessed 8 January 2017)"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462418800848","unstructured":"Uganda Legal Information Institute. Penal Code Act of 1950, https:\/\/ulii.org\/ug\/legislation\/consolidated-act\/120 (accessed 20 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr5-0956462418800848","unstructured":"Office of the Prime Minister, Republic of Rwanda. Official Gazette no. Special of 14 June 2012. Organic law instituting penal code. No. 01\/2012\/OL of 02\/05\/2012, https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/res\/cld\/document\/rwa\/1999\/penal-code-of-rwanda_html\/Penal_Code_of_Rwanda.pdf (accessed 20 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr6-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801214528582"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052463"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2010.9724972"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20079"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415611514"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050776"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216636241"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.037846"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462418800848","volume-title":"Rwanda demographic and health survey 2014\u201315","author":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) (Rwanda), Ministry of Health (MOH) (Rwanda), and ICF International","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462418800848","volume":"17","author":"Mutagoma M","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.216"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216634466"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2011.049544"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211412917"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.4"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462418800848","volume-title":"Impact of stigma on utilization of health services among sex workers in Kenya","author":"Nyblade L","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600108413318"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462418800848","first-page":"e00157815","volume":"33","author":"Lima FSS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.4"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462418800848","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729101460092"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462418800848","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462418800848","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462418800848","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:38:47Z","timestamp":1777675127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462418800848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462418800848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462418800848","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]}}}