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From September 2012 to March 2015, 1168 FSWs sought services, including 587 (50%) who were HIV-positive. More than 90% had previously tested for HIV, and 26% who reported previously testing negative had seroconverted. Of the 349 who already knew their HIV-positive status, 74% were on antiretroviral treatment. The prevalence of serologic syphilis was 43% in HIV-positive and 19% in HIV-negative FSWs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and Trichomonas vaginalis was found in vaginal wet mounts in 21% of HIV-positive and 13% of HIV-negative FSWs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Signs and symptoms of STIs were found in 35% of HIV-positive compared with 21% of HIV-negative FSWs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Only one-third reported consistent condom use in the last month. Modern contraceptive use was reported by 43% of HIV-positive and 56% of HIV-negative FSWs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Current pregnancy was reported by 4% of HIV-positive and 6% of HIV-negative FSWs (p\u2009=\u20090.0409). Despite Rwanda\u2019s successes with preventing 70% of new infections in the general population through nationwide couples\u2019 testing in antenatal clinics, prevention and timely treatment in key populations including FSWs are lacking. The prevalence of HIV \u2013 including many new cases \u2013 and STIs among FSWs in Kigali is high and condom and contraceptive use are low. Tailored and integrated HIV\/STIs and family planning programs are urgently needed for FSWs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418817050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:18:39Z","timestamp":1549498719000},"page":"557-568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Female sex workers in Kigali, Rwanda: a key population at risk of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Rosine","family":"Ingabire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Projet San Francisco, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, 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Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt A","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagna","family":"Laufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Tichacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, 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