{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:40:56Z","timestamp":1777927256226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Patient\u2019s gender may impact pharmacokinetics and play a role in viral suppression. Existing literature has focused on treatment-na\u00efve patients and produced inconclusive results, often implicating differences in adherence as the driver of gender-based outcome differences. The present analysis assessed whether viral suppression on third-line HIV treatment among a closely followed population differs by gender. A retrospective cohort study of patients on third-line HIV treatment was initiated at the HIV Advanced Treatment Centre in Lusaka, Zambia between January 2012 and December 2015. The association between gender and viral suppression was assessed using log binomial regression adjusted for core drug, number of drug mutations, and baseline viral load. Of the 80 included patients (56% female; median age: 40 years), 50 (62%) were virally suppressed at six months. After adjustment, females were less likely to be virologically suppressed at six months on third-line treatment compared to male HIV patients (relative risk 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 1.20). Our data suggest that women were less likely to be suppressed following six months of third-line therapy compared to men; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Larger studies are needed to determine whether women are at increased risk of viral failure on third-line therapy compared to men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418817645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T20:35:31Z","timestamp":1547152531000},"page":"453-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The association between gender and HIV viral suppression on third-line therapy in Zambia: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Liana","family":"Andronescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah S","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lottie","family":"Hachaambwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassidy W","family":"Claassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen A","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462418817645","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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