{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:40:59Z","timestamp":1777927259787,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Incubation Program Funding","award":["Grant NO. PX2016025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant NO. PX2016025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although infectious diarrhea is one of the most common complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, robust diagnostic methods for determining potential pathogens are still limited in the clinic. Norovirus, a type of calicivirus, has been shown to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Here, we used multiplex polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool to verify Norovirus as the diarrhea-related pathogen in HIV-infected patients with unknown etiological information. Stool specimens obtained from 81 HIV-infected patients with diarrhea were analyzed by BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) panel. Among 26 HIV-infected patients with unknown etiological information, we detected Norovirus in 14 stool specimens of these patients with 100% sensitivity and specificity as confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and one specimen showed both Norovirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Among the remaining 55 patients with verified Clostridium difficile infection, nine patients also detected positive for Norovirus infection. In conclusion, using FilmArray GI panel and RT-PCR, we determined that Norovirus infection as one of the main pathogens responsible for diarrhea in HIV patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418824912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T23:42:21Z","timestamp":1549410141000},"page":"550-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diagnostic determination of\n                    <i>Norovirus<\/i>\n                    infection as one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in HIV patients using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Centre, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Information Department, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongshan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linjun","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huizhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linghang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4197"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04781.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw125"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw085"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462418824912","unstructured":"Wilcox CM, Wanke CA. Evaluation of the HIV-infected patient with diarrhea, https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/evaluation-of the-hiv-infected-patient-with-diarrhea (2017, accessed March 15)."},{"key":"bibr6-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1029917"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462418824912","first-page":"e807","volume":"8","author":"Shah S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026047"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.244.231"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003802"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000305"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146280"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-4959-x"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187458"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.11.018"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173881","volume":"12","author":"Zhang Z","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111341"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462418824912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30059-8"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462418824912","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462418824912","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462418824912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:39:10Z","timestamp":1777675150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462418824912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462418824912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462418824912","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}