{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:41:16Z","timestamp":1777927276616,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Imiquimod has been demonstrated to be rather effective in patients with anal as well as perianal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Nevertheless, until now the intra-anal use of imiquimod has been considered off-label. The aim of this study is to review the clinical evidence related to the intra-anal use of imiquimod in the treatment of human papillomavirus-related anal lesions. A systematic search in PubMed and Scopus was performed. In total, 422 patients were included. The most common referred comorbidity was HIV infection (281 patients, 66.6%). The principal clinical entities, which were treated with intra-anal imiquimod, were HSILs. The most frequent formulation was self-applied imiquimod cream. In the HSIL group, there was complete healing in 74 patients (35%) and partial in 44 patients (20.9%), while in the wart group, there was complete healing in 128 patients (67%). Recurrence of HSIL was present in 19 patients (15%), while in cases with warts recurrence was present in 38 patients (19.8%). The most common adverse events were pain, itching, and burning sensation. In conclusion, the adverse effects associated with the intra-anal use of imiquimod seem to be minor. The present clinical evidence suggests that imiquimod may be proposed as effective, safe, and relatively well tolerated treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419855828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T01:08:22Z","timestamp":1562634502000},"page":"1018-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intra-anal use of imiquimod: what is the clinical evidence?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis D","family":"Gkegkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Colorectal Laboratory, Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Iavazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apostolos P","family":"Stamatiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Colorectal Laboratory, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1174065"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2009.02.003"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521632"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588145"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.18.1500"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283229fc8"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462419855828","first-page":"23315","volume":"24","author":"Fox PA","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.137.1.14"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000991"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04979.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.24"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S2237-93632012000100001","volume":"32","author":"Nadal SR","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Coloproctol"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70067-6"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14895"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052922"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000080"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051810"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9041-2"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.11.1438"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2015.1116725"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0093-5"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.08.018"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08265.x"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462419855828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00181-2"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; 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