{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T01:03:34Z","timestamp":1778029414035,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010843","name":"Bureau of Science and Information Technology of Guangzhou Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 201704020219, 201707010184 and 201604020011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 201704020219, 201707010184 and 201604020011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is expected to play a role in HIV-1-related immunodeficiency progression; however, studies involving syphilis\/HIV co-infection have not been conclusive. We investigated the factors associated with co-infection of syphilis and HIV and to assess the effect of syphilis on HIV progression in the context of HIV-1 diversity in an observational cohort of 246 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected but antiretroviral therapy-naive men who have sex with men enrolled in Guangzhou, China between 2008 and 2012. CD4+ cell counts of all the participants were measured from the time of diagnosis until 2015 with an average of 32\u2009\u00b1\u200918 months. Logistic analysis indicated that patients with syphilis\/HIV co-infection were more likely to be older with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.48 (95% CI: 1.28\u20134.80) for those aged between 31 and 40 years and 3.20 (1.11\u20139.22) for those aged \u226540\u202fyears as compared to 16\u201330\u202f year-olds. The AOR of patients infected with HIV-1 CRF07_BC as compared to CRF01_AE was 2.14 (95% CI: 1.01\u20134.53). Co-infection of syphilis and HIV was associated with lower baseline CD4+ cell count (0.45, 95% CI: 0.22\u20130.94), but was not associated with HIV disease progression (HR: 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86\u20131.23) based on Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis. Our results provide new evidence about the interaction between syphilis and HIV and indicate differential rates of immunodeficiency progression as a function of HIV-1 genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419860618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T08:07:16Z","timestamp":1583914036000},"page":"488-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Syphilis infection does not affect immunodeficiency progression in HIV-infected men who have sex with men in China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shixing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01095-09"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1446828"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462419860618","volume-title":"2017 sexually transmitted diseases surveillance report","author":"Health AINYSDo","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.29.20225-en","volume":"17","author":"Van de Laar M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremer V, Marcus U and Hamouda O. Syphilis on the rise again in Germany \u2013 results from surveillance data for 2011.\n                      Euro Surveill\n                      2012; 17(29): pii=20222.","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.29.20222-en"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462419860618","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual Epidemiological Report 2016 \u2013 Syphilis. [Internet]. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016 https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/syphilis-annual-epidemiological-report-2016-2014-data#no-link"},{"key":"bibr7-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit210"},{"key":"bibr8-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000343763.54831.15"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9590-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9884-3"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511822"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.9.1681"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80694-7"},{"key":"bibr14-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012"},{"key":"bibr15-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000187262.56820.c0"},{"key":"bibr16-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0219-9"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009164"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499952"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200610010-00002"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16708"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CPJ.0000435752.17621.48"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6404a1","volume":"64","author":"Workowski KA","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.802"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow EPF, Wilson DP and Zhang L. HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection Increasing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\n                      PloS one\n                      2011; 6: e22768.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022768"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414531560"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-48"},{"key":"bibr27-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.23.11367-11376.2000"},{"key":"bibr28-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.12.010"},{"key":"bibr29-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000279"},{"key":"bibr30-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.10.010"},{"key":"bibr31-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414543841"},{"key":"bibr32-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchacz K, Patel P, Taylor M, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections.\n                      AIDS\n                      2004; 18: 2075\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012"},{"key":"bibr33-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu DJ, Vanichseni S, Mastro TD, et al. Viral load differences in early infection with two HIV-1 subtypes.\n                      AIDS (London, England)\n                      2001; 15: 683\u201391.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104130-00003"},{"key":"bibr34-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangsin R, Piyaraj P, Sirisanthana T, et al. The natural history of HIV-1 subtype E infection in young men in Thailand with up to 14 years of follow-up.\n                      AIDS (London, England)\n                      2007; null: S39\u201346.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000299409.29528.23"},{"key":"bibr35-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalmet K, Dauwe K, Foquet L, et al. Presence of CXCR4-using HIV-1 in patients with recently diagnosed infection: correlates and evidence for transmission.\n                      The Journal of infectious diseases\n                      2012; 205: 174\u201384.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir714"},{"key":"bibr36-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Han Y, Xie J, et al. CRF01_AE subtype is associated with X4 tropism and fast HIV progression in Chinese patients infected through sexual transmission.\n                      AIDS (London, England)\n                      2014; 28: 521\u201330.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000125"},{"key":"bibr37-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin PH, Lai CC, Yang JL, et al. Slow immunological progression in HIV-1 CRF07_BC-infected injecting drug users.\n                      Emerging Microbes & Infections\n                      2013; 2: e83.","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.83"},{"key":"bibr38-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang SW, Wang SF, Lin YT, et al. Patients infected with CRF07_BC have significantly lower viral loads than patients with HIV-1 subtype B: mechanism and impact on disease progression.\n                      PloS one\n                      2014; 9: e114441.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114441"},{"key":"bibr39-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y, Ren X, Yin D, et al. Characterization of a novel HIV-1 unique recombinant form between CRF07_BC and CRF55_01B in men who have sex with men in Guangzhou, China.\n                      PloS one\n                      2017; 12: e0175770.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175770"},{"key":"bibr40-0956462419860618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin HH, Shih YL, Liu YC, et al. An epidemic of HIV type I CRF07_BC infection among injection drug users in Taiwan.\n                      Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)\n                      2006; 42: 248\u201355.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000214818.80539.da"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462419860618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462419860618","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462419860618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:39:39Z","timestamp":1777675179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462419860618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462419860618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462419860618","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}}}