{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:41:27Z","timestamp":1777927287278,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York State International Training and Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study purpose was to determine the factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Kazakhstan. A convenience sample of 531 adult PLHIV registered at the Almaty City AIDS Center was used for this cross-sectional study. HRQoL data were collected with the World Health Organization\u2019s Quality of Life HIV brief questionnaire, depression \u2013 with Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and clinical data were retrieved from medical records. Multivariate logistic and Tobit censored regressions were used to examine the relationship of socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors with HRQoL and the six specific HRQoL domains: 35.8% of participants did not report good HRQoL. The following variables were identified as independent predictors of poor HRQoL: probable depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 13.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.56\u201339.52); history of injecting drug use (AOR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.40\u20133.14); CD4+ T-cell count &lt;200 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (AOR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.30\u20133.62); previously married status (AOR 2.23, 95% CI: 1.16\u20134.28); and co-infection with tuberculosis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Chlamydia, herpes simplex, or cytomegalovirus (AOR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.06\u20132.39). HRQoL of PLHIV in Almaty was independently influenced by several factors. An interdisciplinary approach is needed in planning healthcare and social services addressing improvement of HRQoL among PLHIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419876484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T03:30:19Z","timestamp":1573788619000},"page":"1318-1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors influencing the quality of life in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Almaty, Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7933-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakhytkul T","family":"Zhakipbayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhamilya S","family":"Nugmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV-Infection and Infection Control, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6511-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guthrie S","family":"Birkhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulzhakhan M","family":"Akhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV-Infection and Infection Control, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"DeHovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03201-2"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0389-9"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-40"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0040-4"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462419876484","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global AIDS update 2018. Miles to go: closing gaps. Breaking barriers. Righting injustices. Geneva: UNAIDS, https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/miles-to-go_en.pdf (2018, accessed 11 January 2019)."},{"key":"bibr6-0956462419876484","unstructured":"Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Report on the activities of the AIDS service for 2017, Almaty, 2018 (in Russian) [\u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0421\u041f\u0418\u0414 \u0437\u0430 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u0410\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b, 2018], http:\/\/www.kncdiz.kz\/files\/00004587.pdf (2018, accessed 11 January 2019)."},{"key":"bibr7-0956462419876484","unstructured":"Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Report on the activities of the AIDS service for 2013, Almaty, 2014 (in Russian) [\u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0421\u041f\u0418\u0414 \u0437\u0430 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u0410\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b, 2014], http:\/\/www.kncdiz.kz\/files\/00000867.pdf (2014, accessed 11 March 2018)."},{"key":"bibr8-0956462419876484","first-page":"79","volume":"30","author":"Belak Kovacevi\u0107 S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.007"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416662379"},{"key":"bibr11-0956462419876484","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-12-13"},{"key":"bibr12-0956462419876484","unstructured":"WHO. 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Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach \u2013 2nd ed. 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