{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:00:45Z","timestamp":1784836845564,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 11.4 million cases of gonorrhea occur in the WHO African Region annually and global incidence has been increasing. We sought to determine the distribution and types of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in Kisumu, Kenya. Urethral swab specimens were obtained from men attending Universities of Nairobi, Illinois, and Manitoba sexually transmitted infection clinic with urethral discharge detected on clinical exam between 29 January and 2 July 2018. Gonorrhea was confirmed by culturing on Thayer\u2013Martin GC Culture selective media. Disk diffusion was used to measure resistance to antimicrobials. Of the 138 males with history of urethral discharge or dysuria or urethral discharge on exam identified during the surveillance period, urethral swab samples were obtained from 60 men, and 35 (58%) were culture positive. Interpretation of the disk diffusion results showed high resistance (% of isolates) to: penicillin (97%), tetracycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), and doxycycline (91%). All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (100%) and azithromycin (100%). We observed high rates of resistance to several drug classes, likely driven by background selective pressure, as resistance was not observed among currently recommended Kenyan therapies for urethritis. Expanded surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in NG is warranted. Agar dilution or Etest reference testing is needed for accurate assessment of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419881087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T00:34:17Z","timestamp":1577147657000},"page":"46-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance patterns in\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    among male clients of a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Kisumu, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Carrie","family":"Nacht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Agingu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finch","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriya D","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462419881087","volume-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections \u2013 2008. Technical document","volume":"2012","author":"World Health Organization (WHO"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462419881087","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Technical document","author":"Tapsall J","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462419881087","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Technical document","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462419881087","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.\n                      MMWR\n                      2015; 64: 60\u201368."},{"key":"bibr7-0956462419881087","unstructured":"Fifer H, Saunders J, Soni S, et\u00a0al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV UK. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of infection with\n                      Neisseria gonorrhoeae\n                      , www.bashhguidelines.org\/media\/1208\/gc-2019.pdf (2019, accessed 17 June 2019)."},{"key":"bibr8-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418782810"},{"key":"bibr9-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053597"},{"key":"bibr10-0956462419881087","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). The Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP), www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/rtis\/gasp_network\/en\/ (2019, accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr11-0956462419881087","unstructured":"Ministry of Health National AIDS & STI Control Programme (NASCOP). Algorithms for managing common STI syndromes, www.nascop.or.ke\/?page_id=2431 (2015, accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr12-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.55.6.923"},{"key":"bibr13-0956462419881087","unstructured":"British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Breakpoint tables Version 14.3, www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=2ahUKEwjn9Yfg1dfgAhUBEqwKHW4qB-AQFjABegQIBBAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsac.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2FBSAC-Susceptibility-testing-version-143.xls&usg=AOvVaw1kYSRq-_xzR5pBp4toLcmf (2015, accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr14-0956462419881087","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M100 27th Edition Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, www.facm.ucl.ac.be\/intranet\/CLSI\/CLSI-2017-M100-S27.pdf (2017, accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr15-0956462419881087","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing, www.cdc.gov\/std\/gonorrhea\/lab\/agar.htm (2013, accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr16-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.8.1604-1609.1991"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.03.005"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462419881087","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"Mabonga E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1439-1"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00155-11"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318248a85f"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_17_88"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050979"},{"key":"bibr24-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0148-x"},{"key":"bibr25-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.85.6.1274-1279.1963"},{"key":"bibr26-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.14.1.45"},{"key":"bibr27-0956462419881087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00399-13"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462419881087","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956462419881087","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956462419881087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:40:02Z","timestamp":1777675202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956462419881087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956462419881087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462419881087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]}}}