{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:41:42Z","timestamp":1777927302713,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,23]],"date-time":"2020-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","award":["AID 674-A-12-00017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID 674-A-12-00017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD084274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD084274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to assess the predictors and frequency of persistent sexually transmitted infection (STI) positivity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women treated for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) or Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection. We enrolled HIV-infected pregnant women attending their first antenatal care visit and tested them for urogenital CT, NG and TV infection using Xpert\u00ae CT\/NG and TV assays (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). Those testing positive were treated. Participants either notified partners to seek treatment or were given extra medication to deliver to partners for treatment. Repeat testing was conducted approximately 21\u2009days post-treatment or treatment initiation. Among 427 participants, 172 (40.3%) tested positive for any STI. Of the 136 (79.1%) that returned for repeat testing, 36 (26.5%) tested positive for the same organism: CT\u2009=\u200927 (26.5%), NG\u2009=\u20091 (6.3%), TV\u2009=\u200911 (16.7%). Persistent CT positivity was independently associated with having more than one sex partner in the preceding 12\u2009months (adjusted-prevalence ratio [aPR]\u2009=\u20093.03, 95% CI: 1.44\u20136.37) and being newly diagnosed with HIV infection during the first antenatal care visit compared to those currently on antiretroviral therapy (aPR\u2009=\u20093.97, 95% CI: 1.09\u201314.43). Persistent TV positivity was associated with not knowing if a partner sought treatment following STI disclosure (aPR\u2009=\u200912.6, 95% CI: 2.16\u201373.5) and prior diagnosis of HIV but not currently on antiretroviral therapy. (aPR\u2009=\u20094.14; 95% CI: 1.25\u201313.79). We identified a high proportion of HIV-infected pregnant women with persistent CT or TV positivity after treatment. To decrease the risk of re-infection, enhanced strategies for partner treatment programmes are needed to improve the effectiveness of STI screening and treatment in pregnancy. The relationship between not being on antiretroviral therapy and persistent STI positivity needs further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419898612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:47:40Z","timestamp":1582505260000},"page":"294-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Persistent\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    or\n                    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    positivity after treatment among human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Medina-Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa"},{"name":"The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maanda","family":"Mudau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco PH","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute D","family":"Feucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Tshwane District, Gauteng, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey De","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7654-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawie","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Foundation for Professional Development, East London, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina A","family":"Muzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6922-7364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462419898612","first-page":"931","volume":"86","author":"Mayor MT","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Fam 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Clinical evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert TV assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis with prospectively collected specimens from men and women.\n                      J Clin Microbiol\n                      2018; 56(2). pii: e01091-17.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01091-17"},{"key":"bibr17-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis771"},{"key":"bibr18-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051531"},{"key":"bibr19-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000102"},{"key":"bibr20-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx454"},{"key":"bibr21-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31828fce34"},{"key":"bibr22-0956462419898612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu401"},{"key":"bibr23-0956462419898612","unstructured":"University of Liverpool. 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