{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:42:06Z","timestamp":1777927326251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H29-Shinkou-Ippan-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H29-Shinkou-Ippan-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to an increase in heterosexual syphilis notifications in Tokyo, we conducted a questionnaire-based case\u2013control study among women aged \u226520\u2009years and sexually active in the past six\u2009months who sought a syphilis test in Tokyo during 2017\u20132018. Cases were women diagnosed as recent syphilis infection based on serological tests. Controls were serologically non-reactive or those with only a past syphilis infection. We described cases and assessed for risk factors of recent syphilis using logistic regression. A total of 524 women (60 cases, 464 controls) were enrolled. Notably, among cases, 10 (16.7%) were students, 3 (5.0%) had a history of syphilis, and 14 (23.3%) had a single sex partner in the past six\u2009months. Female sex worker (FSW) status was strongly associated with syphilis (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20093.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.96\u20135.90). In multivariable analysis, recent syphilis was associated with inconsistent condom use for vaginal\/anal sex among FSWs (adjusted OR [aOR]\u2009=\u20093.42; 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.92\u201312.70) and among non-FSWs, with younger age (aOR\u2009=\u20090.36; 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.19\u20130.70; increase per category from 20\u201324, 25\u201329 to \u226530\u2009years) and \u2264high school education (aOR\u2009=\u20095.24; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.95\u201314.10). A notable proportion of cases were those with first time infection and those with only a single partner. Moreover, risk factors differed between FSWs and non-FSWs, and a multi-pronged approach to prevent syphilis is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420945928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T02:42:48Z","timestamp":1602816168000},"page":"1272-1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Syphilis in heterosexual women: case characteristics and risk factors for recent syphilis infection in Tokyo, Japan, 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shingo","family":"Nishiki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzo","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shinjuku Ladies Clinic, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuri","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomimasa","family":"Sunagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamano","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956462420945928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"bibr2-0956462420945928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32411-4"},{"key":"bibr3-0956462420945928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70065-3"},{"key":"bibr4-0956462420945928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14153"},{"key":"bibr5-0956462420945928","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr6-0956462420945928","volume-title":"Syphilis \u2013 annual epidemiological report for 2016","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and 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