{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:42:38Z","timestamp":1777927358211,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Surveillance for recent HIV infections was implemented at Dutch sexual health centres (SHCs) for planning and evaluation of HIV prevention initiatives. The study objective is twofold: (1) to explore trends in recent HIV infections and associated socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM )attending SHCs, to gain insight into subgroups at risk for acquiring HIV and(2) to illustrate how comparison with different reference groups affect associations with these risk factors. Methods: Residual plasma or serum samples from MSM newly HIV diagnosed at SHCs in 2014\u20132017 were tested with an avidity assay. Multinomial regression was used to analyse risk factors for recent HIV infections among MSM with established HIV infections among MSM and with HIV-negative MSM as reference groups. Results: Of newly diagnosed MSM, 33% were classified as recent HIV infection with avidity testing. Combining HIV-negative test results with avidity outcomes resulted in 54% recent infections. Recent infection was associated with having an STI in the past, multiple partners and condom use for both reference groups of MSM. Additionally, relative to the HIV-negative MSM, recent infection was associated with education and having a non-Western origin. In contrast, relative to MSM with established HIV infections, recent infection was associated with Western origin. Conclusion: Our results suggest ongoing but declining transmission of HIV and high uptake of HIV testing among MSM visiting SHCs. The identification of risk factors for recent infections can help healthcare professionals to target subgroups eligible for PrEP or condom use promotion. Differentiation by the reference group in explanatory models for recent infections is important as different risk factors were identified. Likely, associations relative to HIV-negative MSM follow those of acquiring HIV infection in general, whereas the comparison with the established HIV infection reference rather reflects the frequent testing behaviour of subgroups of MSM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211008071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T01:40:04Z","timestamp":1619660404000},"page":"946-956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recently acquired HIV infections and associated factors among men who have sex with men diagnosed at Dutch sexual health centres"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Slurink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fleur","family":"van Aar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saara","family":"Parkkali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titia","family":"Heijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1236-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannelore","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Control, Public Health Service, Rotterdam-Rijnmond, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlijn","family":"Kampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"van Weert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thijs","family":"van de Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline","family":"Op de Coul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the RITA surveillance network of sexual health centres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09564624211008071","volume-title":"ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr2-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.25.30553"},{"key":"bibr3-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.006"},{"key":"bibr4-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Netherlands in 2018","author":"Archibald I","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr5-09564624211008071","volume-title":"HIV Monitoring Report 2019. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in the Netherlands","author":"van Sighem AI","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr6-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Repeated HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending STI Clinics in the Netherlands","author":"Van Aar F","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr7-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002417"},{"key":"bibr8-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Monitoring Report 2020. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in the Netherlands","author":"van Sighem AI","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr9-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections in the The Netherlands in, 2018","author":"Slurink I","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr10-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Monitoring Recently Acquired HIV Infections in the European Context","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr11-09564624211008071","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Mastro TD","year":"2010","journal-title":"J HIV AIDS Surveill Epidemiol"},{"key":"bibr12-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051420"},{"key":"bibr13-09564624211008071","unstructured":"Fennema IAL, Van de Baan F, Van Sighem A, et al. Monitoring recently acquired HIV infections in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: the attribution of test locations. [accepted for publication, Frontiers in Reproductive Health-HIV and STIs]."},{"key":"bibr14-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.074518-0"},{"key":"bibr15-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Definition of migration background","author":"Statistics Netherlands (CBS)","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Socio-economic Status Per Postcode Area","author":"The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP)","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr17-09564624211008071","volume-title":"When and How to Use Assays for Recent Infection to Estimate HIV Incidence at a Population Level","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr18-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Incorporating HIV Prevention into the Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV. Recommendations of CDC, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","author":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr19-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.48.19425-en"},{"key":"bibr20-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.2.20673"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr21-09564624211008071","volume-title":"HIV in the UK\u20142016 report","volume":"201","author":"Kirwan P","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr22-09564624211008071","volume-title":"Hoeveel mensen met een migratieachtergrond wonen in Nederland?","author":"Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS)"},{"key":"bibr23-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Shobowale O, den Daas C, et al. Determinants of PrEP Uptake, Intention and Awareness in the Netherlands: A Socio-Spatial Analysis (ISSTDR 2021 Abstract).","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202205.0271.v1"},{"key":"bibr24-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2445-3"},{"key":"bibr25-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052918"},{"key":"bibr26-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051786"},{"key":"bibr27-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12558"},{"key":"bibr28-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052918"},{"key":"bibr29-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2691-z"},{"key":"bibr30-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-053977"},{"key":"bibr31-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009688"},{"key":"bibr32-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6"},{"key":"bibr33-09564624211008071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1653440"},{"key":"bibr34-09564624211008071","volume-title":"HIV pre-expositie profylaxe (PrEP) guideline Netherlands,","author":"Hoornenborg E","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624211008071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624211008071","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624211008071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:41:52Z","timestamp":1777675312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624211008071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624211008071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624211008071","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}}}