{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:43:52Z","timestamp":1777927432590,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study aimed to measure HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in three regions of Paraguay in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSM were recruited for cross-sectional surveys in three regions of Paraguay using respondent-driven sampling. Interview were conducted face-to-face to collect demographic characteristics and risk and preventive behaviors. The analysis assessed HIV prevalence and associated risk factors in the three samples of MSM within each region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,207 MSM were recruited, including 559 in Asunci\u00f3n-Central, 245 in Alto Paran\u00e1, and 403 in Caaguaz\u00fa. HIV prevalence was 24.2% (95% CI 20.6\u201327.9) in Asunci\u00f3n-Central, 10.2% (95% CI 6.7\u201314.6) in Alto Paran\u00e1, and 3.2% (95% CI 1.7\u20135.4) in Caaguaz\u00fa. In Asunci\u00f3n-Central, associations with HIV were age \u226525 years (1.86, 95% CI 1.15\u20133.00), being employed (1.82, 95% CI 1.07\u20133.11), self-reporting as homosexual (1.90, 95% CI 1.06\u20133.43), having sex with a known HIV-positive partner acquisition (4.19, 95% CI 2.37\u20137.43), self-perceived as being at higher risk for HIV acquisition (4.15, 95% CI 2.54\u20136.77), and able to access condoms and lubricants (1.82, 95% CI 1.08\u20133.05). In Alto Paran\u00e1, associations with HIV were self-reporting as homosexual (4.33, 95% CI 1.19\u201315.65) and having higher HIV knowledge (2.53, 95% CI 0.97\u20136.61). In Caaguaz\u00fa, associations with HIV were self-reporting as homosexual (7.06, 95% CI 1.53\u201332.46) and being diagnosed with depression (4.68, 95% CI 0.89\u201324.43).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV prevalence among MSM in Paraguay varied by region, being highest in the capital and major metropolitan area of Asunci\u00f3n-Central, followed by the border area of Alto Paran\u00e1. While being self-identified as homosexual was associated with HIV in all three regions, other associations differed, indicating prevention programs need to be tailored to the locale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221134138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:44:10Z","timestamp":1666129450000},"page":"1212-1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men in three regions of Paraguay, 2020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8341-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Control Program for HIV\/AIDS\/STI, Republica del Paraguay Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asuncion, Paraguay"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Samudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Control Program for HIV\/AIDS\/STI, Republica del Paraguay Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asuncion, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Control Program for HIV\/AIDS\/STI, Republica del Paraguay Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asuncion, Paraguay"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Caaguazu, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Control Program for HIV\/AIDS\/STI, Republica del Paraguay Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asuncion, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Control Program for HIV\/AIDS\/STI, Republica del Paraguay Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, Asuncion, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schaerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresita","family":"B\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoilo","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Asuncion Faculty of Medicine, Asuncion, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09564624221134138","volume-title":"HIV & AIDS Statistics \u2014 Fact Sheet","author":"UNAIDS Global","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr2-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835ad504"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-09564624221134138","first-page":"S25","volume":"97","author":"Sperhacke RD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"bibr4-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001512"},{"key":"bibr5-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-019-0187-5"},{"key":"bibr6-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318211b40a"},{"key":"bibr7-09564624221134138","volume-title":"90-90, Epidemic Control and Ending AIDS: Global Situation and Recommendations","author":"Granich R","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr8-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18004\/rspp.2019.diciembre.29-34"},{"key":"bibr9-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001803"},{"key":"bibr10-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2020.32.6.455"},{"key":"bibr11-09564624221134138","volume-title":"Users guide to the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20)","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr12-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03180-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-09564624221134138","first-page":"154","volume":"37","author":"Samudio M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"bibr14-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9571-9"},{"key":"bibr15-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9898-x"},{"key":"bibr16-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18004\/rspp.2018.diciembre.9-14"},{"key":"bibr17-09564624221134138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420945550"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624221134138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624221134138","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624221134138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:43:56Z","timestamp":1777675436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624221134138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624221134138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624221134138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}