{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:45:08Z","timestamp":1786495508855,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001504","name":"New Zealand Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis of HIV is essential for successful treatment and controlling HIV spread in a population. We examined the frequency and characteristics of adults diagnosed late with HIV in New Zealand from 2011\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine surveillance data were analysed. Those previously diagnosed overseas or as part of immigration screening, or with missing CD4 count were excluded. \u2018Late presentation\u2019 was defined as a CD4 count &lt;350 cells\/\u03bcL or an AIDS-defining event. \u2018Advanced HIV disease\u2019 were those with a CD4 count &lt;200 cells\/\u03bcL or an AIDS-defining event. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1145 people, 40.5% presented late; 24.9% had advanced HIV disease. Of the 464 late diagnoses, 65.5% occurred among men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), 26.1% among heterosexuals, 8.4% among others. Heterosexual men and women were more likely to present late (55.3%) compared to MSM (35.6%). Amongst MSM, those who were older, of an ethnicity other than European, acquired HIV overseas, tested because symptomatic, or had their last negative test &gt;2\u00a0years prior were more likely to present late and have advanced disease. Amongst heterosexuals, older age, tested because symptomatic, and Pacific ethnicity were associated with late presentation, and M\u0101ori, Pacific and Asian people were more likely to have advanced disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There continues to be a high proportion of people diagnosed late with HIV. Identifying barriers for testing, missed opportunities for screenings and other factors that delay HIV diagnosis could help develop effective strategies to reduce this burden of late presentation \u2013 particularly among heterosexual individuals, non-Europeans, and older people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231151458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T10:33:50Z","timestamp":1673433230000},"page":"332-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Late presentation of HIV infection among adults in New Zealand from 2011 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6314-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerram P","family":"Bateman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J W","family":"Saxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"de Gouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Kolodziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnett Foundation Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243"},{"key":"bibr2-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001231"},{"key":"bibr3-09564624231151458","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Political declaration on HIV and AIDS: ending inequalities and getting on track to end AIDS by 2030, https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2021\/2021_political-declaration-on-hiv-and-aids (2022, accessed 18 August 2021)."},{"key":"bibr4-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy223"},{"key":"bibr5-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214012"},{"key":"bibr6-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14073"},{"key":"bibr7-09564624231151458","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. HIV infection and AIDS: annual epidemiological report for 2017, https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/hiv-infection-aids\u2013annual-epidemiological-report-2017.pdf (2019, accessed 19 November 2021)."},{"key":"bibr8-09564624231151458","volume-title":"HIV in Australia: annual surveillance short report 2018","author":"Kirby Institute","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr9-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.48.1900696"},{"key":"bibr10-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2011.00959.x","volume":"13","author":"Dickson N","year":"2012","journal-title":"HIV Medicine"},{"key":"bibr11-09564624231151458","first-page":"6745","volume":"128","author":"Dickson N","year":"2015","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"key":"bibr12-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09517-4"},{"key":"bibr13-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2010.00857.x"},{"key":"bibr14-09564624231151458","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. National HIV surveillance data tables, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/hiv-annual-data-tables (2021, accessed 18 March 2021)."},{"key":"bibr15-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019289"},{"key":"bibr16-09564624231151458","unstructured":"AIDS Epidemiology Group. AIDS - New Zealand newsletter, https:\/\/www.otago.ac.nz\/aidsepigroup\/newsletters\/(2022, accessed 21 December 2022)."},{"key":"bibr17-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-92"},{"key":"bibr18-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186"},{"key":"bibr19-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.06.007"},{"key":"bibr20-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100877"},{"key":"bibr21-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14641"},{"key":"bibr22-09564624231151458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12364"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624231151458","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624231151458","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624231151458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:44:10Z","timestamp":1777675450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624231151458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624231151458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624231151458","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}