{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:35:09Z","timestamp":1792647309478,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI027757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI027757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005258","name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200-2014-61285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2014-61285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incomplete HIV seroconversion and seroreversion are increasingly documented by testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis programs more than previously recognized. This analysis reports on incomplete seroconversion and seroreversion by specimen and test type among Project DETECT participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Project DETECT included a longitudinal study of point-of-care tests. Participants were categorized as having \u201cincomplete seroconversion\u201d if all timepoints had \u22651 nonreactive test at study censoring. Among participants with incomplete seroconversion, we defined \u201cseroreversion\u201d as sustained regression to nonreactive for any test following a reactive result. We define \u201cserowaffling\u201d as any reactive result followed by a nonreactive and then reactive result. We used Fisher\u2019s exact tests to explore relationships between Fiebig stage at ART initiation and incomplete seroconversion, seroreversion, and serowaffling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty of 1940 Project DETECT participants met criteria for this subset. Ten participants had complete seroconversion after a median of 23 (IQR 16\u201347) days following initial positive tests. Ten participants had incomplete seroconversion, eight of whom had seroreversion. Incomplete seroconversion with persistent nonreactive tests was seen only with oral fluid (OF). Of eight participants with seroreversion, all experienced seroreversion of OF tests if the test was ever reactive ( n = 6); seroreversion occurred in fingerstick and venipuncture tests in two participants. Serowaffling occurred in nine (45%) participants. No associations were seen between Fiebig stage at ART start and complete seroconversion, seroregression, or serowaffling in our sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OF tests may be particularly susceptible to providing false-negative results. Seroreversion and incomplete seroconversion among individuals on antiretroviral treatment may represent a growing problem for HIV testing and treatment programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231152929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T01:58:41Z","timestamp":1674784721000},"page":"385-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroconversion, seroreversion, and serowaffling among participants initiating antiretroviral therapy in Project DETECT"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8064-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne D","family":"Stekler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren R","family":"Violette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa M","family":"McMahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollyanna R","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollie A","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Cornelius-Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"McDougal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00005"},{"issue":"31","key":"bibr2-09564624231152929","first-page":"509","volume":"36","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1987","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"40","key":"bibr3-09564624231152929","first-page":"692","volume":"40","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1991","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"bibr4-09564624231152929","unstructured":"Branson B, Owen M, Bennett B, et al. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations, 2014."},{"key":"bibr5-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500220062027"},{"key":"bibr6-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-3-3"},{"key":"bibr7-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw365"},{"key":"bibr8-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500215"},{"key":"bibr9-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428127"},{"key":"bibr10-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00757-19"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr11-09564624231152929","first-page":"1147","volume":"72","author":"Brice J","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"bibr12-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix228"},{"key":"bibr13-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001577"},{"key":"bibr14-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101016"},{"key":"bibr15-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001134"},{"issue":"14","key":"bibr16-09564624231152929","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Branson BM","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr17-09564624231152929","first-page":"117","volume":"6","author":"Wood BR","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hiv\/Aids"},{"key":"bibr18-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.7.21755"},{"key":"bibr19-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.09.018"},{"key":"bibr20-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.12.011"},{"key":"bibr21-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw666"},{"key":"bibr22-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa271"},{"key":"bibr23-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011581"},{"key":"bibr24-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2152-4"},{"key":"bibr25-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16332"},{"key":"bibr26-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104282"},{"key":"bibr27-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15426"},{"key":"bibr28-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0276"},{"key":"bibr29-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001146"},{"key":"bibr30-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.08.008"},{"key":"bibr31-09564624231152929","unstructured":"Violette LR C-HA, Assennato SM, Ritchie A, et al. SAMBA: a point-of-care NAT for detection of HIV viremia. Oral presentation at the 2019 HIV Diagnostics Conference. Atlanta, GA, 2019."},{"key":"bibr32-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa478"},{"key":"bibr33-09564624231152929","unstructured":"Frequently asked questions \u2013 testing for HIV, including HIV self-testing, in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART). 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/mediacentre\/news\/hiv-testing-art\/en\/ (accessed 11\/17\/2020)."},{"key":"bibr34-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy197"},{"key":"bibr35-09564624231152929","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000807"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624231152929","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624231152929","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624231152929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:44:19Z","timestamp":1777675459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624231152929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624231152929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624231152929","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]}}}