{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1777927455444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI027757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI027757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-AI27757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI27757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K23 HD100221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 HD100221"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["HHSN266200400073C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN266200400073C"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-AI099106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI099106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between vaginal washing and HIV risk may be mediated by vaginal washing-associated changes in vaginal microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from a cohort of HIV-negative US and Kenyan women enrolled in the Preventing Vaginal Infections trial were analyzed. Vaginal fluid samples and vaginal washing data were collected every 2\u00a0months for 12\u00a0months. Bacterial relative abundances were measured by broad-range 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction with next generation sequencing. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between vaginal washing and i) the Shannon Diversity Index (SDI); and ii) mean change in percent bacterial relative abundances, with application of a 10% false discovery rate (FDR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 111) contributed 93\/630 (14.8%) vaginal washing visits. Mean SDI was 0.74 points higher (95% CI 0.35, 1.14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) at washing visits among US participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 26). Vaginal washing was not associated with SDI in Kenyan participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 85). There were no associations between vaginal washing and vaginal bacterial relative abundances after applying the FDR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The discordant results in Kenyan versus US women suggests the link between vaginal washing and sub-optimal vaginal microbiota may be context specific. Vaginal microbial shifts may not fully explain the association between vaginal washing and HIV acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231160806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:58:16Z","timestamp":1679446696000},"page":"557-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Next generation sequencing to examine associations between vaginal washing and vaginal microbiota: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C","family":"Sabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer 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