{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1777927455383,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD100821-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD100821-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlamydia trachomatis ( C. trachomatis) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( N. gonorrhoeae) are curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that cause adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Most countries, including Botswana, do not offer C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae screening during antenatal care (ANC) and instead use a syndromic approach for management of STIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Maduo Study is a prospective, cluster-controlled trial in Botswana evaluating the impact of diagnostic screening for antenatal C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections to prevent adverse neonatal outcomes. Using baseline data from the Maduo Study (March 2021\u2013March 2022), we determined the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection among asymptomatic pregnant women in Botswana and correlates of infection using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 251 women who underwent C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening at first ANC visit, 55 (21.9%, 95%CI 17.0\u201327.5) tested positive for C. trachomatis, 1 (0.4%, 95%CI 0\u20132.2) for N. gonorrhoeae; and 2 (0.8%, 95%CI 0\u20132.8) for dual C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection. Older age was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.93; 95%CI 0.88\u20130.98; p = 0.011) while any alcohol use during pregnancy was associated with higher odds (aOR = 3.53; 95%CI 1.22\u201310.16; p = 0.020) of testing positive for C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high frequency of C. trachomatis infections was detected among asymptomatic pregnant women in Botswana indicating that many antenatal STIs are missed by the syndromic management approach. Our results highlight the need for diagnostic C. trachomatis screening during ANC in Botswana and other low- and middle-income countries that rely solely on the syndromic approach for management of STIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231163203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T17:32:17Z","timestamp":1679074337000},"page":"448-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    infection and associated factors among asymptomatic pregnant women in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamirah","family":"Mussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriane","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chibuzor M","family":"Babalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Hansman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selebaleng","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bame","family":"Bame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lefhela","family":"Tamuthiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, 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D","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Morroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09564624231163203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053597"},{"key":"bibr2-09564624231163203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051118"},{"key":"bibr3-09564624231163203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416660483"},{"key":"bibr4-09564624231163203","volume-title":"Botswana primary care guideline for adults","author":"Botswana Ministry of Health and 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