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CKD was defined as having an eGFR&lt;60\u00a0mL\/min\/1.73\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . We collected urine specimens to determine urine albumin-creatine ratio and blood samples for sickle cell genotyping,\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing, and for creatinine\/cystatin C assessment. The associations between SCT,\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype, and eGFR\/CKD stages\/CKD were investigated using linear\/ordinal logistic\/logistic regression models, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 2443 participants, 599 (24.5%) had SCT, and 2291 (93.8%) had a low-risk\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype (0 or 1 risk variant), while 152 (6.2%) had high-risk genotype (2 allele copies). In total, 108 participants (4.4%) were diagnosed with CKD. In adjusted analyses, SCT was associated with lower eGFR (adjusted mean difference [aMD]= \u22122.33, 95% CI -4.25, \u22120.42), but not with worse CKD stages, or increased odds of developing CKD. Participants with the\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      high risk genotype were more likely to have lower eGFR (aMD= \u22125.45, 95% CI -8.87, \u22122.03), to develop CKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.75), and to be in worse CKD stages (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.29) than those with the low-risk genotype. There was no evidence of interaction between SCT and\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype on eGFR or risk of CKD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight the multifaceted interplay of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of CKD in PLWH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624241262397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T23:56:17Z","timestamp":1719273377000},"page":"655-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sickle cell trait, APOL1 risk allele status and chronic kidney disease among ART-experienced adults living with HIV in northern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Abdulhamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan E.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman J.","family":"Wudil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal S.","family":"Dankishiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafiu","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. William","family":"Wester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9504-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muktar H.","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(98)03201-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix878"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70002-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv466"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp74s051"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00370705"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0357-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.01.1054"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040388"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353223"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0263-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu765"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08273-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-371062"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.637604"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430744"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1803-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-8-614"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_253_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-076"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15063"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","volume-title":"Nigeria HIV\/AIDS indicator and impact Survey (NAIIS) 2018: technical report","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nigeria HIV\/AIDS indicator and impact Survey (NAIIS) 2018: technical report. 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