{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:41:57Z","timestamp":1788586917778,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent inguinal lymphadenopathy can range from benign to malignant causes. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), a sexually transmitted infection (STI), is a possible cause, particularly in individuals engaged in sexual practices associated with a higher likelihood of transmitting STIs. This case series outlines the diagnostic challenges of LGV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two male patients, aged 36 and 48, with sexual practices associated with an elevated risk of STI transmission, presented with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Initial investigations, including rectal and genital nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for STIs, were negative. Patient one underwent two fine-needle aspirations, both inconclusive. An excisional biopsy later confirmed LGV through a positive NAAT for\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and consistent pathology. The diagnosis took several years, included three PET scans, and was complicated by a surgical site infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Patient 2, despite negative NAAT results, was empirically treated for LGV based on clinical suspicion, with resolution after doxycycline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention and Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both patients improved significantly with doxycycline. Retrospective serology showed elevated\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG titers, supporting this diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series emphasizes the need to consider LGV in patients with persistent lymphadenopathy and sexual practices that may increase the likelihood of STIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624241307733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T19:17:07Z","timestamp":1733858227000},"page":"283-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The challenges in lymphogranuloma venereum diagnosis whether NAAT is negative, a case series"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9257-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Malec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and infectious Diseases Department, UZ Brussel, Vije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Vanstokstraeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Control Department, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline","family":"Van Honacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Control Department, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lefesvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomopathology Department, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Wilmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and infectious Diseases Department, UZ Brussel, Vije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and infectious Diseases Department, UZ Brussel, Vije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and infectious Diseases Department, UZ Brussel, Vije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools","volume":"39","author":"Mohseni S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, et al. Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools. Iran J Med Sci 2014; 39(2 Suppl): 158\u2013170.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"An approach to peripheral lymphadenopathy in adult patients","volume":"143","author":"Kunitz G","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kunitz G. An approach to peripheral lymphadenopathy in adult patients. West J Med 1985; 143(3): 393\u2013396.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"2103","article-title":"Lymphadenopathy and malignancy","volume":"66","author":"Bazemore AW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bazemore AW, Smucker DR. Lymphadenopathy and malignancy. Am Fam Physician 2002; 66(11): 2103\u20132110.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","first-page":"554","article-title":"Approach to lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"62","author":"O'Byrne P","year":"2016","unstructured":"O'Byrne P, MacPherson P, DeLaplante S, et al. Approach to lymphogranuloma venereum. Can Fam Physician 2016; 62(7): 554\u2013558.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-223"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233990"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi G Allason-Jones E Richens J et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as genital ulceration and inguinal syndrome in men who have sex with men in London UK. Sex Transm Infect. 2009; 85(3): 165\u2013170. Epub 2008 Dec 9. Erratum in: Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85(5):406.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034348"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03290130082034"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","first-page":"570","article-title":"Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy","volume":"20","author":"Pangalis GA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pangalis GA, Vassilakopoulos TP, Boussiotis VA, et al. Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy. Semin Oncol 1993; 20: 570\u2013582.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22523"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01363-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15729"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted infections: Screening and diagnostic testing guidance for *Chlamydia trachomatis* infections (including lymphogranuloma venereum). 2024 Mar. 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