{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:45:22Z","timestamp":1777927522984,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, United States","award":["1U54CA190151-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U54CA190151-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aflatoxins are carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compounds found in Aspergillus-contaminated corn. Kenyan women living with HIV (WLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were studied to examine associations of aflatoxin exposure and HIV immune control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty WLWH were enrolled; 56 completed the Month-12 visit. Blood samples were collected for aflatoxin, CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load. Logistic regression and linear regression models were fitted to examine factors associated with (1) detectable HIV viral load, and (2) HIV viral load in copies\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All WLWH were receiving ART (mean 9.9\u00a0years). Eight women (14.3%) had a detectable HIV viral load (mean 12,439 copies\/mL). Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 23 of 56 WLWH (41.7%); 17 of 48 (35.4%) with an undetectable HIV viral load, and 6 of 8 (75.0%) with a detectable HIV viral load (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.053). The mean plasma aflatoxin B1 concentration for all WLWH was 0.0403\u00a0pg\/\u03bcL; 0.0341\u00a0pg\/\u03bcL and 0.0771\u00a0pg\/\u03bcL for WLWH with undetectable or detectable HIV viral loads, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.039).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aflatoxin B1 detection is associated with lack of HIV viral load suppression, defined as a detectable HIV viral load, among a cohort of Kenyan WLWH, all receiving ART. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624251338598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T21:02:45Z","timestamp":1746046965000},"page":"633-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lack of HIV suppression is associated with plasma aflatoxin B1 in Kenyan women living with HIV and receiving anti-retroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Philiph","family":"Tonui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omenge","family":"Orang\u2019o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University, Medical College, Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kapten","family":"Muthoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Itsura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Groopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Musick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Yiannoutsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Richard M. 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