{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:46:14Z","timestamp":1777927574391,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of HIV and its associated risk factors among people who inject drugs in the four states of Central Zone of India (Bihar, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand), based on the data collected during the 17th round of HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) during January to March, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data was used from the 17th round of HSS which was collected through a paper-based survey among participants who were identified as people who inject drugs (PWIDs), followed by blood sample collection. Random sampling method was used to identify 250 PWIDs from each sentinel site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The key demographic findings show that 60.1% of the participants were of age &gt;=30 years and primarily urban residents (84.5%). Most participants have been tested for HIV previously (97.5%). With almost two-thirds of the participants injecting drugs daily, 89.5% of them reported to have used sterile needles each time. One-third of the participants had avoided health care services due to stigma and discrimination and they are significantly at higher odds of being HIV seropositive (1.83 times).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the risk behaviour association with higher odds of being HIV seropositive were high risk occupation, sharing of needles, PWIDs on OST therapy, HIV testing and avoidance of healthcare services - due to stigma. Better programmatic approach is needed to protect the PWIDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624251355835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T07:39:37Z","timestamp":1753256377000},"page":"951-958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among people who inject drugs in four states of central India: Findings from the 17th round of HIV sentinel surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreya","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishakar","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5578-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukram","family":"Slim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puneet","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Partha","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinmoyee","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Organization"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"People who inject drugs. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes\/populations\/people-who-inject-drugs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Magnitude_substance_abuse_India.pdf. 2024. https:\/\/www.lgbrimh.gov.in\/resources\/Addiction_Medicine\/elibrary\/magnitude_substance_abuse_india.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"NACO and ICMR-NIMS. India HIV estimates. NACO MoHFW GOI. Available from: https:\/\/naco.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/India%20HIV%20Estimates%202021%20_Fact%20Sheets__Final_Shared_24_08_2022_0.pdf. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"National Control AIDS. Organisation. Sankalak: Status of National AIDS & STD Response. Sixth edition 2024. New Delhi: NACO: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Fast-track - Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/JC2686_WAD2014report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"National AIDS Control organization","author":"High risk groups and bridge population","year":"2021","unstructured":"High risk groups and bridge population. National AIDS Control organization. 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