{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:45:35Z","timestamp":1777927535126,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV self-testing (HIVST) was endorsed by WHO in 2016 to expand access to HIV diagnosis, especially for young people. Kenyan youths, including university students, remain vulnerable to HIV, yet uptake of free HIVST kits is inconsistent. This study assessed determinants of HIVST utilization among health sciences undergraduates at the University of Nairobi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study at the Chiromo and Faculty of Health Sciences campuses. Multi-stage cluster sampling yielded 412 students from Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing, Dentistry and Medical Laboratory Science. Data on socio-demographics, sexual behaviour, stigma, and institutional access were collected via self-administered questionnaires and analysed in R. Associations were examined using \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/Fisher\u2019s exact tests and Wilcoxon tests; variables with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05 entered a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model to account for clustering by course and year of study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 30.5% reported prior HIVST use. Uptake was higher among older students and those in advanced years. Being in a relationship and consistently using condoms were associated with lower HIVST uptake. Recency of the last HIV test strongly predicted use, with students tested within the preceding 3\u20136\u00a0months more likely to self-test. Residence and gender were not independent predictors after adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIVST uptake among Kenyan health sciences undergraduates is moderate but uneven. Age, academic seniority and recent HIV testing history increase uptake, whereas perceived low risk (e.g. condom use) reduces it. Universities and the Ministry of Health should pair easy kit access with messaging that encourages routine testing regardless of perceived risk to accelerate progress toward UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624251367490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1755011199000},"page":"1010-1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of HIV self-testing utilization among health sciences undergraduate students in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas Kyalo","family":"Muendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peninah K.","family":"Masibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliiate of the University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Muhua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services 2016. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK401675\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10072-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kenphia 2018-2020 preliminary report","volume":"1","author":"KENPHIA","year":"2018","unstructured":"KENPHIA. Kenphia 2018-2020 preliminary report. J Mater Process Technol 2018; 1: 1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Mater Process Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Miles to go: closing gaps breaking barriers righting injustices. Global AIDS Update."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"270","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS knowledge among undergraduate university students: implications for health education programs in Ghana","volume":"13","author":"Oppong Asante K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oppong Asante K, Oti-Boadi M. HIV\/AIDS knowledge among undergraduate university students: implications for health education programs in Ghana. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13: 270\u2013277.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"An operational manual for the delivery of HIV Self-Testing services in Kenya","author":"NASCOP","year":"2019","unstructured":"NASCOP. An operational manual for the delivery of HIV Self-Testing services in Kenya. WHO, 2019, vol 40."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojbm.2014.23025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0832-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Evaluation of media campaigns on behaviour change among Kenyan youth: an analysis of \u2018Chukua Selfie\u2019 campaign","author":"Okewo A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okewo A. Evaluation of media campaigns on behaviour change among Kenyan youth: an analysis of \u2018Chukua Selfie\u2019 campaign. University of Nairobi, 2021. https:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/handle\/11295\/161115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tayebwa N Ogwal IA. Prevalence of hiv\/aids among youths aged 15-35 at bushenyi health center iv bushenyi district. A cross-ssectional study. Sjc. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.51168\/e900n429.","DOI":"10.51168\/e900n429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Samuels F Leon-Himmelstine C Otiso L et al. Unintended pregnancies and HIV among adolescents and young people."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.41.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2014.936883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"HIV self-testing operational guide for the planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting of HIV self-testing","author":"USAID E","year":"2021","unstructured":"USAID E. HIV self-testing operational guide for the planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting of HIV self-testing. 1st ed. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through EpiC, 2021. https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/drupal\/documents\/epic-hiv-self-testing-guide.pdf","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Young people and HIV [Internet].","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2021","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Young people and HIV [Internet]. Geneva:: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, 2021, pp. 1\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.01.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shahzad F Abid F Obaid A et al. Forward stepwise logistic regression approach for determinants of hepatitis B C among Hiv\/Aids patients. IJNAA; 12: 1367\u20131396. DOI: 10.22075\/ijnaa.2022.5717 Epub ahead of print January 2021.","DOI":"10.22075\/ijnaa.2022.5717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420920136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2014.986517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"NASCOP. 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