{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:46:32Z","timestamp":1777927592602,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI114398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI114398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a testing strategy to reach individuals not engaged in healthcare. We evaluated ICAP\u2019s Reaching Impact, Saturation and Epidemic Control (RISE) program\u2019s healthcare-worker-assisted HIVST on the number of persons testing HIV-positive (PTP) and HIV case finding rate (CFR) in \u201chard-to-reach\u201d members of the general population in targeted provinces in Burundi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using routine data from October 2020 to September 2023, with October-December 2021 as the scale-up quarter, we used difference-in-difference analysis to assess changes in PTP and CFR after versus before scale-up-onset in \u201cmature\u201d versus \u201cless mature\u201d provinces. Provinces were chosen to approximate more and less exposed comparison units. We performed subgroup analyses by sex and age (10-24, \u226525 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIVST averaged 1.46% (mature) and 3.07% (less mature) of pre-scale-up testing, and 13.59% (mature) and 9.84% (less mature) of post-scale-up testing. PTP trends declined more in the mature versus less mature provinces post-scale-up (\u221234.25, 95% CI -84.87-16.37) although this was not significant. We found no difference in the CFR change between provinces post versus pre-scale-up (0.06%, 95% CI -0.29%-0.41%). Results were robust to subgroup and sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no changes in PTP and CFR after RISE\u2019s HIVST scale-up. After results were reported to implementers, they implemented strategies to better meet programmatic goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624251406360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T16:54:55Z","timestamp":1765644895000},"page":"427-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of assisted HIV self-testing on case-finding rate and positive HIV diagnoses in Burundi: A province-level difference-in-difference analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Wallach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"},{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzue","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Vandebriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenie","family":"Poirot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Fayorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouassi Jean-Jacques","family":"M\u2019Bea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Million Hailu","family":"Tesema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonaparte","family":"Nijirazana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aime","family":"Ndayizeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Kaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USAID Burundi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"},{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"2025 AIDS targets - UNAIDS. https:\/\/aidstargets2025.unaids.org\/#section-about (accessed 12 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Burundi 2023 Factsheet. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/burundi (accessed 12 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"Burundi PLACE Report. Priorities for local AIDS control efforts \u2014 MEASURE evaluation. https:\/\/www.measureevaluation.org\/resources\/publications\/tr-14-99.html (accessed 20 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0187-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064052"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","volume-title":"Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. : World Health Organization, 2016. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/251655 (accessed 14 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-735"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12703"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001414"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195391"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05554-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30044-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","volume-title":"Plan strategique national de lutte contre le SIDA 2014-201","author":"Ministere De La Sante Publiqueet De La Lutte Contre Le Sida","unstructured":"Ministere De La Sante Publiqueet De La Lutte Contre Le Sida. Plan strategique national de lutte contre le SIDA 2014-201. Republique Du Burundi. https:\/\/minisante.gov.bi\/wp-content\/uploads\/pnls\/PSN-VIH_2014-2017.pdf (July 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","volume-title":"Addendum Au Plan Strategique National Vih\/Sida 2018-2022","author":"Ministere De La Sante Publique Et De La, Lutte Contre Le Sida","unstructured":"Ministere De La Sante Publique Et De La, Lutte Contre Le Sida. Addendum Au Plan Strategique National Vih\/Sida 2018-2022. Republique Du Burundi. https:\/\/files.aho.afro.who.int\/afahobckpcontainer\/production\/files\/Addendum_au_plan_strat%C3%A9gique_national_VIHSida_2018-2022.pdf (March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24272"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","unstructured":"Reaching impact saturation and epidemic control (RISE). https:\/\/icap.columbia.edu\/cpt_projects\/reaching-impact-saturation-and-epidemic-control-rise\/ (accessed 20 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","unstructured":"Fiscal PEPFAR Year 2023 Monitoring Evaluation and Reporting (MER) Indicators. United States Department of State. Accessed February 20 2024. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/pepfar-fy-2023-mer-indicators\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","unstructured":"U.S. President\u2019s emergency plan for AIDS relief. Burundi Country Operational Plan (COP) 2020 Strategic Direction Summary. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/COP-2020-Burundi-SDS-FINAL.pdf (19 May 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","unstructured":"U.S. President\u2019s emergency plan for AIDS relief. Burundi Country Operational Plan (COP) 2022 Strategic Direction Summary. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Burundi-COP22-SDS-.pdf (6 May 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013507"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","unstructured":"Team RC. R: a language and environment for statistical computing."}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624251406360","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624251406360","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624251406360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:47:25Z","timestamp":1777675645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624251406360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624251406360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624251406360","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}