{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:42:05Z","timestamp":1788586925287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CT) serovars L1\u2013L3, has re-emerged in Europe since the early 2000s, predominantly affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly people living with HIV (PLWH). The widespread implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (HIV-PrEP) and the associated expansion of sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening programmes may have influenced the epidemiology and clinical presentation of LGV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of rectal LGV cases diagnosed in the Bologna metropolitan area during the HIV-PrEP era (2022\u20132025) and compared them with those of a historical cohort from the pre-HIV-PrEP era (2016\u20132020).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 93 rectal LGV cases were identified during 2022\u20132025, all among MSM, with a median age of 37 years; 66% were symptomatic, 48% were HIV-positive, 31% had concurrent rectal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, and 21% were diagnosed with early syphilis. Although the absolute number of LGV cases was higher than in 2016\u20132020 (93 vs 76), this difference occurred in the context of a substantial increase in anorectal CT testing during the HIV-PrEP era. Accordingly, LGV prevalence among anorectal swabs declined markedly (from 4% to 0.7%). When stratified by population group, HIV-PrEP users with LGV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 38) were younger than non-HIV PrEP users (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 55, including 45 PLWH and 10 non-HIV MSM) and were significantly more likely to be asymptomatic, with lower rates of concurrent bacterial STIs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that rectal LGV remains endemic in our setting but may present with different clinical patterns in the HIV-PrEP era, with a higher proportion of asymptomatic infections among PrEP users, likely reflecting intensified STI screening. Continued epidemiological surveillance is needed to better understand LGV transmission dynamics and to inform tailored prevention and screening strategies among MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624261437167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T12:06:13Z","timestamp":1775131573000},"page":"927-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changing epidemiology and clinical presentation of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum in the HIV-PrEP era: A comparative study from Bologna, Italy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1895-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Ambretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle Ezekielle","family":"Djusse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Badia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda USL of Imola"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45030119"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054700"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"Montalti M Djusse ME Lazzarotto T et al. Seek and you shall find! Prevalence and trends of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a high-density urban area in Italy around the COVID era: a laboratory-based survey. Sex Transm Infect. Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056666"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020262"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","volume-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum-annual epidemiological report for 2023","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2025","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Lymphogranuloma venereum-annual epidemiological report for 2023. ECDC, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054346"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17468"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001944"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","volume-title":"STI Treatment Guidelines","author":"CDC","year":"2021","unstructured":"CDC. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021: Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) section. In: STI Treatment Guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment-guidelines\/lgv.htm"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624261437167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09564624261437167","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09564624261437167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:46:39Z","timestamp":1781847999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09564624261437167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09564624261437167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624261437167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}}}