{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:39:06Z","timestamp":1793295546270,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82304246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304246"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Kuanren Talent programs of the second affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University","award":["202417-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202417-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00r67fz39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Public Health Talent Program","award":["GWZQN202536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWZQN202536"]}]},{"name":"The joint project of the Chongqing CDC and Science and Technology Bureau","award":["2027KWJK1005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2027KWJK1005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV drug resistance testing plays an important role in optimizing antiretroviral therapy, yet routine testing remains limited in China. This study applied a discrete choice experiment to evaluate patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for HIV drug resistance testing; to inform patient-centered implementation strategies for HIV drug resistance testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between April and June 2025, people living with HIV were recruited from community healthcare centers in China. Mixed logit models and latent class analysis were used to quantify attribute trade-offs, identify preference heterogeneity, and estimate willingness-to-pay across clinical and demographic subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 204 participants, out-of-pocket cost was the dominant barrier to uptake, accounting for 62.3% of overall decision importance. Testing after treatment failure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.862), and doctor recommendation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.519) were primary determinants of choice (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Combined testing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037), shorter waiting time (3 days:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008), and high accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031) also significantly increased testing preference. Latent class analysis identified two distinct subgroups. Class 1 (failure-driven) prioritized testing after treatment failure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.547) but showed a negative preference for combined testing and high accuracy (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Class 2 (service-oriented) strongly valued doctor recommendation and high accuracy (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Older participants (\u226550 years old) had a higher willingness-to-pay for doctor recommendation than the younger (240.2 vs 115.7 CNY), while younger showed higher WTP for combined testing and high accuracy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reducing financial barriers, strengthening provider recommendations, and tailoring testing services to different patient preference patterns may improve HIV drug resistance testing uptake. These findings support patient-centered implementation strategies to promote earlier and more routine HIV drug resistance testing in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624261480307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:11:21Z","timestamp":1787544681000},"page":"1247-1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards patient-centered HIV drug resistance testing services in China: A discrete choice experiment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingxian","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Yuzhong Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengxiao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingni","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance report 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240038608 (2021) (accessed 22 01 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance \u2013 brief report 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240086319 (2024) (accessed 22 01 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/HIV-drug-resistance (2025) (accessed 22 01 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100238"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae303"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13253"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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