{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:06:03Z","timestamp":1789200363618,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus, mainly transmitted sexually, which causes adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM). We aimed to update global HTLV-1 seroprevalence estimates, estimate the number of people living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV) in England and Wales (E&amp;W), and present E&amp;W HTLV-1 surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically reviewed countries with new HTLV-1 prevalence data since the 2015 European Centres for Disease Control report, including studies of adults in the general population, pregnant women and blood donors (Ovid MEDLINE, 01\/09\/2014\u201317\/02\/2023). Global seroprevalence and UK census data were used to estimate the number of PLHTLV in E&amp;W for 1991 and 2021. Reference laboratory and hospital data were combined to describe patterns in new HTLV-1 diagnoses, and associated diseases, in 2013\u20132022, in E&amp;W. Diagnoses in 2013\u20132022 were compared with 1993\u20131997 using Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New seroprevalence data were found for Pakistan (0.19%, blood donors), Malawi (0.96%, healthy mothers), Jordan (0.00%, blood donors), Vietnam (0.00%, blood donors) and New Caledonia (0.60%, general population); 4\/5 studies had a high risk of bias. Among 749 newly-diagnosed PLHTLV in E&amp;W (2013\u20132022), most were women (58%, 434\/749) and tested in London (64%, 480\/749). Where recorded, Black Caribbean ethnicity predominated (61%, 228\/373); 51% (396\/619) were symptomatic, most commonly with ATLL (47%, 187\/396). Comparing 1993-1997 with 2013\u20132022, the IRR was 1.26 (95%CI 1.09\u20131.46) overall, 1.60 (95%CI 1.17\u20132.23) for ATLL and 0.35 (95%CI 0.23\u20130.51) for HAM. Assuming all cases were due to migration from endemic countries, the estimated number of PLHTLV in E&amp;W increased from 11,654 (range 3,804\u201319,504) in 1991 to 28,846 (range 10,365\u201347,328) in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In E&amp;W, rising annual ATLL diagnoses are consistent with an increase in the estimate of the number of PLHTLV, necessitating enhanced public health interventions. The reduced IRR for HAM requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624261486905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:14:17Z","timestamp":1788981257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic review of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type-1 (HTLV-1) seroprevalence worldwide and an update on HTLV-1 diagnoses and associated diseases in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Salyha","family":"Mughal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Tosswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Rosadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STIs and HIV, National Health Service Blood and Transplant and UK Health Security Agency Epidemiology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"},{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency"},{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00078-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30402-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01151"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","volume-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: technical report","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). 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