{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1792021545591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,3,1]],"date-time":"1990-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":636249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In an epidemiological survey of 2128 women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic for the first time and 200 attending two primary health clinics, 26% and 27% respectively were found to have bacterial vaginosis. The prevalence increased significantly with age, being diagnosed in 22.8% (326\/1431) of women aged 14\u201324 years, and in 33.3% (232\/697) of those aged &gt;25 years. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with gonorrhoea and with chlamydial infection, but was negatively associated with genital papillomavirus infection and yeast infection. Women using barrier contraceptives had a significantly lower prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those using an intrauterine device or no contraceptive. Women &lt;24 years old using oral contraceptives had a significantly lower prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those not using contraceptives. Patients without gonorrhoea or chlamydial infection but with vaginal or urethral inflammatory signs had a significantly higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those without inflammatory signs. These findings may have implications regarding complications associated with lower genital tract infections and may strengthen the hypothesis that bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249000100203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T17:39:45Z","timestamp":1484069985000},"page":"86-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and its Association with Genital Infections, Inflammation, and Contraceptive Methods in Women Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease and Primary Health Clinics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Harold","family":"Moi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, \u00d6rebro Medical Center Hospital, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-095646249000100203","first-page":"259","volume":"86","author":"Westr\u00f6m L","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"bibr2-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9"},{"key":"bibr3-095646249000100203","first-page":"260","volume":"86","author":"Eschenbach DA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"bibr4-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.1.170-177.1983"},{"key":"bibr5-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(55)90095-8"},{"key":"bibr6-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)37178-2"},{"key":"bibr7-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009113031102"},{"key":"bibr8-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.3.337"},{"key":"bibr9-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198307000-00002"},{"key":"bibr10-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(88)90078-6"},{"key":"bibr11-095646249000100203","first-page":"607","volume":"71","author":"Thomason JL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr12-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017706"},{"key":"bibr13-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555586973","volume":"58","author":"Danielsson D","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereal"},{"key":"bibr14-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.15.1.141-147.1982"},{"key":"bibr15-095646249000100203","unstructured":"Piot P, van Dyck E. Isolation and Identification of\n                      Gardnerella vaginalis\n                      . Scand J Infect Dis 1983;Suppl 40:13\u201318."},{"key":"bibr16-095646249000100203","unstructured":"Hill A. Bradford Principles of medical statistics. London: Lancet Limited, 1953;5:107\u201318."},{"key":"bibr17-095646249000100203","first-page":"271","volume":"10","author":"Paavonen J","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"bibr18-095646249000100203","first-page":"386","volume":"63","author":"Hall\u00e9n A","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genitourinary Med"},{"key":"bibr19-095646249000100203","first-page":"263","volume":"65","author":"Moi H","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genitourinary Med"},{"key":"bibr20-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb03709.x"},{"key":"bibr21-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6176.1450"},{"key":"bibr22-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350390088032"},{"key":"bibr23-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90381-8"},{"key":"bibr24-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-197910000-00009"},{"key":"bibr25-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90122-0"},{"key":"bibr26-095646249000100203","unstructured":"Paavonen J. Physiology and ecology of the vagina. Scand J Infect Dis 1983;Suppl 40:31\u20135."},{"key":"bibr27-095646249000100203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06581.x"},{"key":"bibr28-095646249000100203","first-page":"273","volume":"64","author":"Hall\u00e9n A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genitourinary Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/095646249000100203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/095646249000100203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:47:56Z","timestamp":1777675676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/095646249000100203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/095646249000100203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095646249000100203","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]}}}