{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:49:18Z","timestamp":1777927758461,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]],"date-time":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":815184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prisons contain individuals at high risk of HIV infection, notably through intravenous drug use. For complex political, social and legal reasons penal institutions in the UK are unable to provide condoms and clean needles. The outbreak of HIV and hepatitis B that occurred in a Scottish prison in 1993 focused attention on the potential problems. Debate about the issue is hampered by a lack of useful information. Current data about risk behaviour and seroprevalence is reviewed, and compared with experience in other countries. Injecting drug use in prison appears to be common, and the majority who inject in prison share equipment, which can be used many times. Sexual activity may be a smaller risk factor, but does occur between men in prison. In addition, prisoners appear to have high rates of partner change between sentences. The true prevalence of HIV in UK prisons is difficult to assess, but the available data suggest it is between 0.1 and 4.5%, lower than in Southern Europe and the USA. A window of opportunity still exists to prevent further outbreaks of HIV in UK penal institutions and to maintain these low prevalence rates. Strenuous, and possibly unpalatable measures are needed now.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249500600602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T17:58:58Z","timestamp":1484589538000},"page":"387-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HIV in UK Prisons: A Review of Seroprevalence, Transmission and Patterns of Risk"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Simon P","family":"Curtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Medicine, The Radcliffe Infirmary NHS Trust, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Medicine, The Radcliffe Infirmary NHS Trust, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91864-2"},{"key":"bibr2-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6653.873"},{"key":"bibr3-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199107000-00018"},{"key":"bibr4-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6791.1477"},{"key":"bibr5-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6897.147"},{"key":"bibr6-095646249500600602","first-page":"151","volume":"307","author":"Christie B.","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bibr7-095646249500600602","volume-title":"AIDS and Drug Misuse Part 1","author":"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr8-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6781.880"},{"key":"bibr9-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1133"},{"key":"bibr10-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6791.1507"},{"key":"bibr11-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92279-3"},{"key":"bibr12-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6736.1383"},{"key":"bibr13-095646249500600602","volume-title":"Prisons, HIV and AIDS","author":"Turnbull P","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr14-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6791.1506"},{"key":"bibr15-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199207000-00017"},{"key":"bibr16-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6898.228"},{"key":"bibr17-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199309000-00025"},{"key":"bibr18-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91451-Q"},{"key":"bibr19-095646249500600602","volume-title":"The Transmission of HIV within Prisons and its Likely Effect on the Growth of the Epidemic in the General Population","author":"Farmer R","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr20-095646249500600602","volume-title":"HIV, AIDS and Prisons","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr21-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6791.1507-a"},{"key":"bibr22-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199107000-00008"},{"key":"bibr23-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.3.450"},{"key":"bibr24-095646249500600602","volume-title":"Sex and Sexual Aggression in Federal Prisons","author":"Nacd PL","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr25-095646249500600602","first-page":"392","volume":"35","author":"Smith WH.","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Ala Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr26-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.12.1505"},{"key":"bibr27-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6938.1235"},{"key":"bibr28-095646249500600602","first-page":"6","volume":"22","author":"Curtis S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"BJSM"},{"key":"bibr29-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6819.90"},{"key":"bibr30-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199409000-00021"},{"key":"bibr31-095646249500600602","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on HIV Infection and AIDS in Prisons","author":"Global Programme on AIDS","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr32-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93313-C"},{"key":"bibr33-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129308258600"},{"key":"bibr34-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125185.x"},{"key":"bibr35-095646249500600602","first-page":"2412","volume":"35","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1986","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"bibr36-095646249500600602","first-page":"283","volume":"2","author":"Vlahow D","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"bibr37-095646249500600602","unstructured":"Truman B, Morse D, Mikl J,  HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among inmates entering New York state prisons. IV International AIDS Conference. Stockholm, June 1988 (abstract 4207)."},{"key":"bibr38-095646249500600602","unstructured":"Quieroz W, Rodriguez C, Paula M. Anti-HIV serological trial in the female incarcerated population of the S\u00e3o Paulo state prisons 1987. IV International AIDS Conference. Stockholm, June 1988 (abstract 4214)."},{"key":"bibr39-095646249500600602","unstructured":"Benetucci J, Astarloa L, Multare S,  Prevalence of infection among a close population of prisoners in Argentina. IV International AIDS Conference. Stockholm, June 1988 (abstract 4213)."},{"key":"bibr40-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199207000-00002"},{"key":"bibr41-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420070117013"},{"key":"bibr42-095646249500600602","volume-title":"AIDS, a Demographic Profile of New York State Inmate Mortalities 1981\u20131985","author":"Guanay W","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr43-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380160055013","volume":"256","author":"Kelly P","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bibr44-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198810000-00005"},{"key":"bibr45-095646249500600602","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6936.1092"},{"key":"bibr46-095646249500600602","first-page":"1","volume":"174","author":"Travers K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Body Positive"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/095646249500600602","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/095646249500600602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:52:42Z","timestamp":1777675962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/095646249500600602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/095646249500600602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095646249500600602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}}}