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In the current study, we present evidence that children who forgo self-gain to help other people show greater vagal flexibility and higher subsequent vagal tone than children who do not, and children from less wealthy families behave more altruistically than those from wealthier families. These results suggest that (a) altruism should be viewed through a biopsychosocial lens, (b) the influence of privileged contexts on children\u2019s willingness to make personal sacrifices for others emerges early, and (c) altruism and healthy vagal functioning may share reciprocal relations in childhood. When children help others at a cost to themselves, they could be playing an active role in promoting their own well-being as well as the well-being of others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615578476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]],"date-time":"2015-05-27T09:45:46Z","timestamp":1432719946000},"page":"1038-1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Roots and Benefits of Costly Giving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jonas G.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2006.10.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00156.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233"},{"key":"bibr5-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.14461"},{"key":"bibr6-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193212000-00028"},{"key":"bibr7-0956797615578476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y., Zhu L., Chen Z. 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