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The present study used a simulated shooting environment to establish a relationship between a particular cognitive ability and a critical shooting error\u2014response inhibition and firing on civilians, respectively. Individual-difference measures demonstrated, perhaps counterintuitively, that simulated civilian casualties were not related to motor impulsivity (i.e., an itchy trigger finger) but rather to an individual\u2019s cognitive ability to withhold an already initiated response (i.e., an itchy brain). Furthermore, active-response-inhibition training reduced simulated civilian casualties, which revealed a causal relationship. This study therefore illustrates the potential of using cognitive training to possibly improve shooting performance, which might ultimately provide insight for military and law-enforcement personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615579274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T22:59:47Z","timestamp":1436828387000},"page":"1164-1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Cognitive Training Can Reduce Civilian Casualties in a Simulated Shooting Environment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Adam T.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, & Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Mitroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0472-7"},{"key":"bibr2-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471"},{"key":"bibr3-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1959.9.3.191"},{"key":"bibr4-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-13.2014"},{"key":"bibr5-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0538-6"},{"key":"bibr6-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2013.790329"},{"key":"bibr7-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.859715"},{"key":"bibr8-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021800"},{"key":"bibr9-0956797615579274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boot W. 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