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We further tested hypotheses of how polygenic risk relates to the development of antisocial behavior from childhood through adulthood. Across the Dunedin and Environmental Risk (E-Risk) birth cohorts of individuals growing up 20 years and 20,000 kilometers apart, education polygenic scores predicted risk of a criminal record with modest effects. Polygenic risk manifested during primary schooling in lower cognitive abilities, lower self-control, academic difficulties, and truancy, and it was associated with a life-course-persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that onsets in childhood and persists into adulthood. Crime is central in the nature-nurture debate, and findings reported here demonstrate how molecular-genetic discoveries can be incorporated into established theories of antisocial behavior. They also suggest that improving school experiences might prevent genetic influences on crime from unfolding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617744542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T12:28:59Z","timestamp":1520425739000},"page":"791-803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Wertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Caspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University"},{"name":"Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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