{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:33:42Z","timestamp":1793118822175,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R324A110101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324A110101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R324C120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324C120001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children born to hearing parents have profound theory-of-mind (ToM) delays, yet little is known about how providing hearing assistance early in life, through cochlear implants and hearing aids, influences their ToM development. We thus addressed (a) whether young DHH children with early hearing provision developed ToM differently than older children did in previous research and (b) what ToM understandings characterize this understudied population. Findings from 84 three- to six-year-old DHH children primarily acquiring spoken language demonstrated that accumulated hearing experience influenced their ToM, as measured by a five-step ToM scale. Moreover, language abilities mediated this developmental relationship: Children with more advanced language abilities, because of more time using cochlear implants and hearing aids, had better ToM growth. These findings demonstrate the crucial relationships among hearing, language, and ToM for DHH children acquiring spoken language, thereby addressing theoretical and practical questions about ToM development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620960389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T13:44:48Z","timestamp":1607953488000},"page":"109-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Theory-of-Mind Development in Young Deaf Children With Early Hearing Provisions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Chi-Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Stanzione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M.","family":"Wellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Lederberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327647jcd0702_1"},{"key":"bibr2-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00305"},{"key":"bibr3-0956797620960389","volume-title":"Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test: Manual","author":"Brownell R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr4-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/avr.v27i3.55"},{"key":"bibr5-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31803153f8"},{"key":"bibr6-0956797620960389","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Third Edition","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr7-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289088"},{"key":"bibr8-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2015.06.005"},{"key":"bibr9-0956797620960389","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr10-0956797620960389","first-page":"258","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education","author":"Lederberg A. R.","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr11-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029558"},{"key":"bibr12-0956797620960389","volume-title":"TOPEL: Test of Preschool Early Literacy","author":"Lonigan C. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr13-0956797620960389","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Psychological perspectives on deafness","author":"Marschark M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr14-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eny039"},{"key":"bibr15-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01018.x"},{"key":"bibr16-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000210"},{"key":"bibr17-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146431507790560020"},{"key":"bibr18-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.451"},{"key":"bibr19-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.11.008"},{"key":"bibr20-0956797620960389","first-page":"459","volume":"36","author":"Peterson C. C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Conversation and Theory of Mind"},{"key":"bibr21-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00119"},{"key":"bibr22-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039833"},{"key":"bibr23-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000451"},{"key":"bibr24-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X299728"},{"key":"bibr25-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13064"},{"key":"bibr26-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00859.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"bibr28-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-H-14-0075"},{"key":"bibr29-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000038"},{"key":"bibr31-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.12.039"},{"key":"bibr32-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.267"},{"key":"bibr33-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw031"},{"key":"bibr34-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-17-0121"},{"key":"bibr35-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env024"},{"key":"bibr36-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199334919.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr37-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00304"},{"key":"bibr38-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692972.003.0004"},{"key":"bibr40-0956797620960389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens073"}],"container-title":["Psychological Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956797620960389","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0956797620960389","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0956797620960389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:34:31Z","timestamp":1777671271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0956797620960389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0956797620960389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797620960389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-7976","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]}}}