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Prior tests of this hypothesis in 55 nations suffered from potential confounds associated with differences in the measurement properties of personality scales across groups. Using psychometric methods for the approximation of cross-national measurement invariance, we tested the niche-diversity hypothesis in a sample of 115 nations ( N = 685,089). We found that an index of niche diversity was robustly associated with lower intertrait covariance and greater personality dimensionality across nations but was not consistently related to trait variances. 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