{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:31:54Z","timestamp":1790836314960,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007479","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This study was supported by a Cariparo Foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This study was supported by a Cariparo Foundation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A long-standing debate concerns whether developmental dyscalculia is characterized by core deficits in processing nonsymbolic or symbolic numerical information as well as the role of domain-general difficulties. Heterogeneity in recruitment and diagnostic criteria make it difficult to disentangle this issue. Here, we selected children ( n = 58) with severely compromised mathematical skills (2 SD below average) but average domain-general skills from a large sample referred for clinical assessment of learning disabilities. From the same sample, we selected a control group of children ( n = 42) matched for IQ, age, and visuospatial memory but with average mathematical skills. Children with dyscalculia showed deficits in both symbolic and nonsymbolic number sense assessed with simple computerized tasks. Performance in the digit-comparison task and the numerosity match-to-sample task reliably separated children with developmental dyscalculia from controls in cross-validated logistic regression (area under the curve = .84). These results support a number-sense-deficit theory and highlight basic numerical abilities that could be targeted for early identification of at-risk children as well as for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976221097947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T13:54:47Z","timestamp":1666706087000},"page":"8-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Severe Developmental Dyscalculia Is Characterized by Core Deficits in Both Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Number Sense"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisella","family":"Decarli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gerotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gerola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Cognitive Neurorehabilitation Unit, Centro Medico di Foniatria, Padova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Cognitive Neurorehabilitation Unit, Centro Medico di Foniatria, Padova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova"},{"name":"IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice-Lido, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.09.017"},{"key":"bibr3-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.031"},{"key":"bibr4-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420925518"},{"key":"bibr5-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.922170"},{"key":"bibr6-09567976221097947","volume-title":"BDE 2-Batteria Discalculia Evolutiva: Test per la diagnosi dei disturbi dell\u2019elaborazione numerica e del calcolo in et\u00e0 evolutiva\u20138-13 anni","author":"Biancardi A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr7-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12324"},{"key":"bibr8-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201536"},{"key":"bibr9-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2013.06.001"},{"key":"bibr10-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"bibr11-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.05.002"},{"key":"bibr12-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.750582"},{"key":"bibr13-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640801982361"},{"key":"bibr14-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067374"},{"key":"bibr15-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07246"},{"key":"bibr16-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00516"},{"key":"bibr17-09567976221097947","author":"Korkman M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment"},{"key":"bibr18-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947400700309"},{"key":"bibr19-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.11.004"},{"key":"bibr20-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.006"},{"key":"bibr21-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12152"},{"key":"bibr22-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13397"},{"key":"bibr23-09567976221097947","unstructured":"Morey R. D., Rouder J. N., Jamil T. (2015). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs (R package Version 0.9.12-2). https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/BayesFactor\/"},{"key":"bibr24-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12322"},{"key":"bibr25-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618823540"},{"key":"bibr26-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2019.100115"},{"key":"bibr27-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.07.011"},{"key":"bibr28-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.03.012"},{"key":"bibr29-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271063"},{"key":"bibr30-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027520"},{"key":"bibr31-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025356"},{"key":"bibr32-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.01.005"},{"key":"bibr33-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12653"},{"key":"bibr34-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12372"},{"key":"bibr35-09567976221097947","author":"Schneider W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"E-Prime user\u2019s guide"},{"key":"bibr36-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.038"},{"key":"bibr37-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2020.103014"},{"key":"bibr38-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.02438"},{"key":"bibr39-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.06.007"},{"key":"bibr40-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2012.01148.x"},{"key":"bibr41-09567976221097947","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0721-5"},{"key":"bibr42-09567976221097947","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003","edition":"4"}],"container-title":["Psychological Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09567976221097947","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09567976221097947","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09567976221097947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:36:56Z","timestamp":1777671416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09567976221097947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09567976221097947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09567976221097947","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-7976","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}