{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:24:38Z","timestamp":1784082278876,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CompCog Program Award 2121074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CompCog Program Award 2121074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"La Caixa Fellowship","award":["LCF\/BQ\/AA17\/11610043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/AA17\/11610043"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural Research Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Words and the concepts they represent vary across languages. Here we ask if mother-tongue concepts are altered by learning a second language. What happens when speakers of Tsimane\u2019, a language with few consensus color terms, learn Bolivian Spanish, a language with more terms? Three possibilities arise: Concepts in Tsimane\u2019 may remain unaffected, or they may be remapped, either by Tsimane\u2019 terms taking on new meanings or by borrowing Bolivian-Spanish terms. We found that adult bilingual speakers ( n = 30) remapped Tsimane\u2019 concepts without importing Bolivian-Spanish terms into Tsimane\u2019. All Tsimane\u2019 terms become more precise; for example, concepts of monolingual shandyes and y\u1ee5sh\u00f1us (~green or blue, used synonymously by Tsimane\u2019 monolinguals; n = 71) come to reflect the Bolivian-Spanish distinction of verde (~green) and azul (~blue). These results show that learning a second language can change the concepts in the first language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231199742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:12:22Z","timestamp":1698750742000},"page":"1350-1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Concepts Are Restructured During Language Contact: The Birth of Blue and Other Color Concepts in Tsimane\u2019-Spanish Bilinguals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1224-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Malik-Moraleda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Mahowald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bevil R.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute and National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.237.03aik"},{"key":"bibr2-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612824.005"},{"key":"bibr3-09567976231199742","volume-title":"Language contact and bilingualism","author":"Appel R.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr4-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672890800388X"},{"key":"bibr5-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728909990046"},{"key":"bibr6-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.05.016"},{"key":"bibr7-09567976231199742","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Language in Hong Kong at century\u2019s end","author":"Bacon-Shone J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacon-Shone J., Bolton K., Luke K. (2015). Language use, proficiency and attitudes in Hong Kong. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/38084400.pdf","DOI":"10.5353\/ds_dataset95133"},{"key":"bibr9-09567976231199742","volume-title":"Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution","author":"Berlin B.","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr10-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0748"},{"key":"bibr11-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104086"},{"key":"bibr12-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069060100020201"},{"key":"bibr13-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728910000106"},{"key":"bibr14-09567976231199742","unstructured":"Deterding D. (2010). Variation across Englishes: Phonology. In The Routledge handbook of World Englishes. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203849323-34\/variation-across-englishes-phonology-david-deterding"},{"key":"bibr15-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis W. S. (2005). Bilingual semantic and conceptual representation. In Kroll J. F., de Groot A. M. B. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 251\u2013267). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2005-08338-012","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195151770.003.0014"},{"key":"bibr16-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619666114"},{"key":"bibr17-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.003"},{"key":"bibr18-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394260386","volume-title":"The mysteries of bilingualism: Unresolved issues","author":"Grosjean F.","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr19-09567976231199742","unstructured":"Hajk-Georg D. (2019). Philentropy: Similarity and distance quantification between probability functions (R package Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=philentropy"},{"key":"bibr20-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0267658302sr206oa"},{"key":"bibr21-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugen E. (1950). The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language, 26(2), 210\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/410058; http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/410058","DOI":"10.2307\/410058"},{"key":"bibr22-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00551"},{"key":"bibr23-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/466029a"},{"key":"bibr24-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.07.008"},{"key":"bibr25-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1558\/sols.v6i3.603"},{"key":"bibr26-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1999.101.4.743"},{"key":"bibr27-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.006"},{"key":"bibr28-09567976231199742","unstructured":"Lucas C. (2015). Contact-induced language change. In Bowern C., Evans B. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/37935459\/Lucas_Routledge_Contact_final_pre-publication_version.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119684527.ch6"},{"key":"bibr30-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/4an6v"},{"key":"bibr31-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18461-9"},{"key":"bibr32-09567976231199742","volume-title":"Package \u2018rcompanion.\u2019","author":"Mangiafico S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr33-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6378(2001)26:1+<::AID-COL51>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"bibr34-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ling.37.4.663"},{"key":"bibr35-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118346136.ch11"},{"key":"bibr36-09567976231199742","unstructured":"Ryan C. (2013). Language use in the United States: 2011. US Census Bureau."},{"key":"bibr37-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1986.0023"},{"key":"bibr38-09567976231199742","volume-title":"Spanish in four continents: Studies in language contact and bilingualism","author":"Silva-Corval\u00e1n C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr39-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/03032-1"},{"key":"bibr40-09567976231199742","volume-title":"Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics","author":"Thomason S. G.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr41-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105223"},{"key":"bibr42-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jole\/lzac001"},{"key":"bibr43-09567976231199742","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800521115"}],"container-title":["Psychological Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09567976231199742","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09567976231199742","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09567976231199742","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09567976231199742","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:38:03Z","timestamp":1777671483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09567976231199742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09567976231199742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09567976231199742","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-7976","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}}}