{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:40:31Z","timestamp":1790988031035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Itard's 1825 paper, written while he was Chief Physician at the National Institute for Deaf-Mutes in Paris, demonstrates his empiricist approach to medicine. That is, Itard founded his medical practice on sense and experience rather than on surgery and medication. If all knowledge came through the senses, Itard reasoned, those lacking knowledge or social abilities could be improved by appropriate sensory stimulation. This concern with senses and society, along with his different approaches to men and women, his references to contemporary cures and his comparisons between humans and animals, document early nineteenth-century medical and psychological attitudes and treatments. Itard's paper also contains what was later recognized as the first clinical observation of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x06067668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]],"date-time":"2006-08-29T07:47:55Z","timestamp":1156837675000},"page":"333-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u2018Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of                 movement, gripping, and voice\u2019 by Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1825)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH\r                        44242-0001, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Itard, Seguin, and Kephardt: Sensory Education \u2013 A Learning Interpretation","author":"Ball, T.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"19","volume":"9","author":"Gilles de la Tourette, G.","year":"1885","journal-title":"Archives de Neurologie"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Charcot the Clinician: The Tuesday Lessons","author":"Goetz, C. G.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century","author":"Goldstein, J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"De l' \u00c9ducation d'un homme sauvage ou de premiers developments physiques et moraux de jeune sauvage de l'Aveyron","author":"Itard, J. M. G.","year":"1801"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"The Wild Boy of Aveyron","author":"Itard, J. M. G.","year":"1801"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Rapport fait \u00e0 s.e. le Ministre de l'Interieur sur nouvaux developpements et l' \u00e9tat actuel du sauvage de l'Aveyron","author":"Itard, J. M. G.","year":"1807"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 sur des maladies d'oreille et de l'audition","author":"Itard, J. M. G.","year":"1821"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"385","volume":"8","author":"Itard, J. M. G.","year":"1825","journal-title":"Archives Generales de M\u00e9decine"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb10","first-page":"165","volume":"72","author":"Kanner, L.","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039865","volume-title":"A Cursing Brain? The Histories of Tourette Syndrome","author":"Kushner, H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"The Wild Boy of Aveyron","author":"Lane, H.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Wolf Children and the Problem of Human Nature","author":"Malson, L.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"The Forbidden Experiment: The Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron","author":"Shattuck, R.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The Wild Child\/L'Enfant Sauvage","author":"Truffaut, F.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9800903307"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X06067668","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X06067668","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:38:07Z","timestamp":1777451887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X06067668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X06067668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x06067668","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}}}