{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:17:44Z","timestamp":1777681064303,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard\u2019s 1825 \u2018Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement, gripping, and voice\u2019 discusses 10 individuals with uncontrolled movements but no other significant impairments. Thus, otherwise normal people move in inappropriate ways against their better judgement. Although the study contains the first clinical description of Tourette Syndrome, it has received little attention beyond that notice. Examined in its entirety and in its cultural context, Itard\u2019s study characterizes patients\u2019 movements in terms of the will, propriety, animals and gender. Lacking control over their movements, the individuals are underdeveloped humans. Accordingly, sufferers\u2019 facial expression, bodily movements and unplanned vocalizations render them more animal than human and more deviant than normal, although they are neither insane nor evil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x09338336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,4]],"date-time":"2010-03-04T12:14:03Z","timestamp":1267704843000},"page":"67-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["J.-M. G. 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