{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:18:10Z","timestamp":1777681090007,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,31]],"date-time":"2010-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1870 the Romanian physician Nicolae G. Chernbach published a photographic atlas of the main types of mental alienation, a collection of twelve plates depicting mentally ill patients from the Marcutza Asylum in Bucharest. Each photograph included a diagnosis based on the clinical nosography and theories of the physiognomy of insanity acknowledged during the period. The publication of the atlas \u2014 just a few years after Hugh W. Diamond\u2019s initial use of photography for this purpose in Britain in the 1850s \u2014 means that the photographs were not only the first taken in Romania, but among the first photographs of the mentally ill. This study provides an insight into the origins of modern clinical psychiatry and medical advances in Romania, and the contemporary personalities in Romanian and Eastern European medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x09355726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,31]],"date-time":"2010-08-31T05:28:03Z","timestamp":1283232483000},"page":"278-293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The face of madness in Romania: the origin of psychiatric photography in Eastern Europe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Octavian","family":"Buda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"'Carol Davila' University \/ 'Mina Minovici' National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X06067246"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Recherches sur les maladies mentales","author":"Bayle ALJ","year":"1822"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072197"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"L\u2019Ephorie des H\u00f4pitaux Civils","author":"Budu-Ghyka M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Patients and Promise: A Photographic History of Mental and Mood Disorders","author":"Burns SB","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Butterfield LH ( 1951) Letters of Benjamin Rush. Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society, 852."},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Historia natural, y medica de el principado de Asturias","author":"Casal G.","year":"1762"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Chernbach NG ( 1869) Quelques r\u00e9flexions sur l\u2019abaissement de la temp\u00e9rature dans les maladies. Strasbourg : Imprimerie de J.H. Ed. Heitz, 3e S\u00e9rie, No. 189 [28 pages + 1 graph]."},{"issue":"15","key":"atypb9","first-page":"238","volume":"1","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1870","journal-title":"Gazetta Medico-Chirurgicala a Spitalelor"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Chernbach NG ( 1870b) Atlas photographic de cateva typuri principale de alienati [Photographic Atlas of the Main Types of Mental Alienation]. Bucharest: Noua Tipografie a Laboratorilor Romani. The text and photographs are reproduced in: Buda O (2007) O antropologie a marginalului [An anthropology of marginality]. Bucharest : Ed. Caligraf, 436-449."},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb11","first-page":"56","volume":"1","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1870","journal-title":"Gazetta Medico-Chirurgicala a Spitalelor"},{"issue":"12","key":"atypb12","first-page":"180","volume":"1","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1870","journal-title":"Gazetta Medico-Chirurgicala a Spitalelor"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Chernbach NG ( 1872) Despre demographie [On demography]. Revista Medicala din Bucuresti 1 (7): 53."},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb14","first-page":"17","volume":"2","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1873","journal-title":"Revista Medicala din Bucuresti"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Typhusul exanthematic si in special typhusul exanthematic din spitalele din Bucuresti [On exanthematic typhus and particularly on exanthematic typhus in Bucharest hospitals]","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1878"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb16","first-page":"101","volume":"1","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1881","journal-title":"Annalele Medicale Romane"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb17","first-page":"109","volume":"2","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1882","journal-title":"Annalele Medicale Romane"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Tableaux graphiques sur la morbidit\u00e9 et la mortalit\u00e9 dans les hopitaux civils de Bucarest, et statistique m\u00e9dicale des hopitaux pour les ann\u00e9es 1874-1887","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1887"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Des Asiles ou stations climat\u00e9riques pour les tuberculeux. Paris: Henri Jouve, Imprimeur des \u00c9coles; reissued in 1915","author":"Chernbach NG","year":"1889"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Conolly J (1858-59) The physiognomy of insanity. The Medical Times and Gazette, New Series, 16, 17, 18; thirteen essays in consecutive issues: Vol. 16: Religious melancholy, 2-4; Suicidal melancholy, 56-58; General melancholia, 134-136; Melancholia passing on to mania, 238-241; Mania and convalescence, 314-316; Chronic mania and melancholy, 397-398; Senile dementia, 498-500; Puerperal mania, 623- 624; Vol. 17: Religious mania, 81-83; Religious mania-convalescence, 210-212; Religious melancholia, 367-369; Insanity supervening on habits of intemperance, 651-653; Vol. 18: Illustrations of the old methods of treatment, 183-186. (The photographs and some engravings are reproduced in Gilman, 1976a: 25-111.)"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"17","volume":"1976","author":"Diamond HW","year":"1856","journal-title":"archives of the Royal Society"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"M\u00e9canisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse \u00e9lectro-physiologique de l\u2019expression des passions applicable \u00e0 la pratique des arts plastiques","author":"Duchenne GB","year":"1862"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb23","first-page":"30","volume":"7","author":"Eforia Spitalelor Civile","year":"1876","journal-title":"Gazetta Medico-Chirurgicala a Spitalelor"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-7766.2003.09150.x"},{"key":"atypb25","volume":"2","author":"Esquirol JED","year":"1838","journal-title":"hygienique, et m\u00e9dico-legal"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Histoire de la folie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge classique - Folie et deraison","author":"Foucault M.","year":"1961"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Eforia Spitalelor Civile","author":"Galesescu AG","year":"1899"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"The Face of Madness: Hugh W. Diamond and the Origin of Psychiatric Photography","author":"Gilman SL","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"5","volume":"1976","author":"Gilman SL","year":"1976","journal-title":"In: Gilman"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Seeing the Insane","author":"Gilman SL","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Gomoiu V. ( 1938) Repertoriul medicilor, farmacistilor, veterinarilor - personalul sanitar - din tinuturile romanesti - inainte de anul 1870 [Concise biographical informations of doctors, pharmacists, and veterinarians - the sanitary personnel - from the Romanian territories before 1870], Vol. 1. Braila: Tipografia Presa, 69-70."},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Jianu I. and Bercus CI ( 1976) Constantin Severeanu. Craiova : Scrisul Romanesc, 107-129."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Von der Physiognomik","author":"Lavater JC","year":"1772"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb34","first-page":"182","volume":"105","author":"Layne GS","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography"},{"key":"atypb35","volume":"49","author":"Logan PM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net (RaVoN)"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy, presented to the Lord Chancellor","author":"Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy","year":"1844"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des d\u00e9g\u00e9ner\u00e9scences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s maladies, 1 vol. + atlas","author":"Morel BA","year":"1857"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Outlines of Lectures on Mental Diseases","author":"Morison A.","year":"1825","edition":"1"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Physiognomy of Mental Diseases","author":"Morison A.","year":"1838","edition":"1"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 m\u00e9dico-philosophique sur l\u2019ali\u00e9nation mentale, ou la manie","author":"Pinel P.","year":"1801"},{"issue":"17","key":"atypb41","first-page":"132","volume":"2","author":"Protici P.","year":"1863","journal-title":"Monitorul Medical"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"A Treatise on Female, Nervous, Hysterical, Hypochondriacal, Bilious, Convulsive Diseases, Apoplexy and Palsy; with thoughts on Madness, Suicide, &c","author":"Rowley W.","year":"1788"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Atlas photographic de anatomia pathologica [Photographic atlas of pathology]","author":"Schajer E.","year":"1869"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Consid\u00e9rations sur la dyspepsie essentielle","author":"Soutzo [Sutzu] A.","year":"1865"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Alienatul in fata societatii si a stiintei [Mental Alienation under the scrutiny of Society and Science]","author":"Sutzu A.","year":"1877"},{"issue":"12","key":"atypb46","volume":"1","author":"Turnescu N.","year":"1865","journal-title":"Supplement to Gazetta Medicala"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"133","volume":"14","author":"Wright HG","year":"1869","journal-title":"The Photographic Journal"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X09355726","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X09355726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:38:53Z","timestamp":1777451933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X09355726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,31]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X09355726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x09355726","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,31]]}}}