{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:20:17Z","timestamp":1790266817756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the buildings, spaces and interiors of Bangour Village public asylum for the insane, near Edinburgh, and compares these with an English asylum, Whalley, near Preston, of similar early-twentieth-century date. The village asylum, which developed from a European tradition of rendering the poor productive through \u2018colonisation\u2019, was more enthusiastically and completely adopted in Scotland than in England, perhaps due to differences in asylum culture within the two jurisdictions. \u2018Liberty\u2019 and \u2018individuality\u2019, in particular, were highly valued within Scottish asylum discourses, arguably shaping material provision for the insane poor from the scale of the buildings to the quality of the furnishings. The English example shows, by contrast, a greater concern with security and hygiene. These two differing interpretations show a degree of flexibility within the internationalized asylum model which is seldom recognized in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x16677510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1479288999000},"page":"29-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Liberty and the individual: the colony asylum in Scotland and England"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"Allmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Aberdeen City District Lunacy Board [ADLB] Minutes 1898\u20131907, Aberdeen Central Library."},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Report of Deputation from the Edinburgh District Lunacy Board Appointed to Visit Certain Asylums in France, Germany and England Recommended by the General Board of Lunacy","author":"Edinburgh District Lunacy Board [EDLB]","year":"1897"},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Reports of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor","author":"[ELC]","year":"1880"},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Lancashire Archives, Preston: CC\/HBM\/1 Lancashire Asylums Board [LAB] Minutes 1891\u20131900."},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"CC\/HBM\/2 Lancashire Asylums Board [LAB] Minutes 1900\u20131907."},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"DDX 1254\/1\/1\/8 Whalley Lunatic Asylum General Plans 1912."},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Report of a Deputation \u2026 Appointed to Visit Asylums on the Continent, with Recommendations Regarding the Building of a New (Sixth) Lancashire Asylum","author":"Lancashire Asylums Board [LAB]","year":"1900"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Lothian Health Services Archive, University of Edinburgh: LHB44\/1\/2 Edinburgh District Board of Lunacy [EDLB] Minutes 1900\u20131901."},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"National Records of Scotland: RHP49146-7 Architectural drawings of Home \u2018D\u2019 for 46 chronic patients at Bangour Village Asylum, 1904."},{"key":"bibr10-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Report of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, Volume VIII","year":"1908"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Annual Reports of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland","author":"[SLC]","year":"1880"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X16677510","first-page":"462","volume":"1","author":"Anonymous","year":"1898","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X16677510","first-page":"1160","volume":"2","author":"Anonymous","year":"1906","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X16677510","first-page":"544","author":"Anonymous","year":"1906","journal-title":"The Builder"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X16677510","first-page":"3","author":"Anonymous","year":"1907","journal-title":"Lancashire Evening Post"},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"\u201cThey\u2019re in the Trade \u2026 of Lunacy: They \u2018Cannot Interfere\u2019 \u2013 They Say\u201d: The Scottish Lunacy Commissioners and Lunacy Reform in Nineteenth-Century Scotland","author":"Andrews J","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"The History of Bethlem","author":"Andrews J","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X16677510","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Rethinking Architectural Historiography","author":"Ballantyne A","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01796328"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr20-0957154X16677510","first-page":"309","volume":"15","author":"Blanc HJ","year":"1908","journal-title":"RIBA Journal"},{"key":"bibr21-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"What Asylums Were, Are and Ought to Be","author":"Browne WAF","year":"1837"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Hospitals and Asylums of the World","volume":"2","author":"Burdett SHC","year":"1891"},{"key":"bibr23-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"The History of the Calderstones Hospital Railway 1907\u20131953","author":"Cornwell RB","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr24-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S138020380000180X"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Darragh A (2011) Prison or palace? Haven or hell? Unpublished PhD thesis, University of St Andrews."},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Power and Pauperism: The Workhouse System, 1834\u20131884","author":"Driver F","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"The Chronicle of Crichton Royal, 1833\u20131936","author":"Easterbrook CC","year":"1940"},{"key":"bibr28-0957154X16677510","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Transnational Psychiatries: Social and Cultural Histories of Psychiatry in Comparative Perspective, c1800\u20132000","author":"Eraso Y","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr29-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.2014.909098"},{"key":"bibr30-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison","author":"Foucault M","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr31-0957154X16677510","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Canada and the British World: Culture, Migration and Identity","author":"Gibson SK","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr32-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Halliday EC (2003) The hospitalisation of the Scottish asylum 1880\u20131914. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Stirling."},{"key":"bibr33-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137322395"},{"key":"bibr34-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World","author":"Harrison JF","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr35-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X12455579"},{"key":"bibr36-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Therapeutic Landscapes: A History of English Hospital Gardens Since 1800","author":"Hickman C","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr37-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.57.237.408"},{"key":"bibr38-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"La Colonie de Fitz James, succursale de l\u2019asile priv\u00e9 d\u2019ali\u00e9n\u00e9s de Clermont (Oise), consid\u00e9r\u00e9e au point de vue de son organisation administrative et medicale","author":"Labitte G","year":"1861"},{"key":"bibr39-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"The Insane in Foreign Countries","author":"Letchworth WP","year":"1889"},{"issue":"53","key":"bibr40-0957154X16677510","first-page":"106","volume":"27","author":"Lindsay WL","year":"1857","journal-title":"North British Review"},{"key":"bibr41-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.16.76.497"},{"key":"bibr42-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.51.214.471"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr43-0957154X16677510","first-page":"46","volume":"11","author":"Malcolm E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health and History, Australian and New Zealand Society of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr44-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types","author":"Markus TA","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr45-0957154X16677510","first-page":"553","volume":"53","author":"McCandless P","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr46-0957154X16677510","first-page":"297","volume":"19","author":"Philo C","year":"1987","journal-title":"Area"},{"key":"bibr47-0957154X16677510","first-page":"258","volume-title":"The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life","author":"Philo C","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr48-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Treatment of Imbeciles and Epileptics: Report to the Chorlton and Manchester Joint Asylum Committee on the best methods for the care and treatment of imbeciles and epileptics","author":"Rhodes DJM","year":"1897"},{"key":"bibr49-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Richardson H (1988) Scottish hospitals survey. Unpublished report held at Historic Environment Scotland, Edinburgh."},{"key":"bibr50-0957154X16677510","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of a Symposium held at the University","author":"Richardson H","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr51-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"English Hospitals 1660\u20131948: A Survey of their Architecture and Design","author":"Richardson H","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr52-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Roberts A (2016) Notes on asylum architecture; accessed (9 Oct. 2016) at: http:\/\/studymore.org.uk\/asyarc.htm"},{"key":"bibr53-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Ross KA (2014) The locational history of Scotland\u2019s district lunatic asylums, 1857\u20131913. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow."},{"key":"bibr54-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Rutherford S (2003) The landscapes of public lunatic asylums in England, 1808\u20131914. Unpublished PhD thesis, De Montfort University, Leicester."},{"key":"bibr55-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400865710"},{"key":"bibr56-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.7.37.31"},{"key":"bibr57-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X0201304903"},{"key":"bibr58-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Sonntag M (1993) Zur sozialen Lage und \u00e4rztlichen Betreuung pscyhiatrischer Patienten im h\u00f6heren und hohen Lebensalter in der Zeit von der Reichsgr\u00fcndung 1871 bis 1933. Unpublished thesis, University of Leipzig."},{"key":"bibr59-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.46.192.87"},{"key":"bibr60-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Medicine and Magnificence: British Hospital and Asylum Architecture, 1660\u20131815","author":"Stevenson C","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr61-0957154X16677510","unstructured":"Sturdy HCG (1996) Boarding-out the insane, 1857\u20131913: a study of the Scottish system. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow."},{"key":"bibr62-0957154X16677510","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Outside the Walls of the Asylum: The History of Care in the Community, 1750\u20132000","author":"Sturdy H","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr63-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Hospital and Asylum Architecture in England, 1840\u20131914 : Building for Health Care","author":"Taylor J","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr64-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2007.08.001"},{"key":"bibr65-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Madness, Architecture and the Built Environment: Psychiatric Spaces in Historical Context","author":"Topp L","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr66-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350389472","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Social History of Medicine: Europe since 1500","author":"Waddington K","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr67-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"Scottish Society 1707\u20131830 Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation","author":"Whatley CA","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr68-0957154X16677510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3655082"},{"key":"bibr69-0957154X16677510","volume-title":"The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States","author":"Yanni C","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X16677510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X16677510","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X16677510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:08Z","timestamp":1777452008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X16677510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X16677510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x16677510","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]}}}